Influence of Family Stability on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Oshimili South Local Government Area

Influence of Family Stability on the Academic Performance of Secondary School Students in Oshimili South Local Government Area

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the influence of family stability on the academic performance of secondary school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area. Five research questions guide the study. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The population for this study consists of all the 2000 public secondary school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area, Delta State. A sample size of 300 students was drawn from the total population using the Yamane formula with an assumed margin of error of approximately 5.2%. The primary instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire titled, ‘Family Stability and Academic Performance Questionnaire (FSAPQ)’. To ensure the validity of the research instrument, the questionnaire was subjected to face validation. Experts in Measurement and Evaluation familiar with family dynamics and academic achievement of students were consulted to assess the appropriateness and relevance of the items to the research objectives. For reliability, a pilot study was conducted on 30 students from schools not selected for the main study. The data obtained from the pilot test were analyzed using the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient to determine internal consistency. A Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.78 was obtained, which indicates a good level of reliability. Data collection was conducted by the researcher with the assistance of trained research assistants. The questionnaires were distributed to the selected students during school hours, and respondents were given ample time to complete them and 297 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, such as frequencies, percentages, means, and standard deviations. Findings of the study revealed among others that relationship exist between family stability and the academic performance of secondary school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area. It was recommended among others that Schools should collaborate with community-based organizations to provide family stability programs that offer counseling and support for families facing challenges. Some recommendations were made to enhance family stability in the study area.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

The academic performance of students is a critical metric of educational success, influencing their future prospects and the development of society at large. Success in academic endeavor has been associated with family background of learners in diverse studies. It has even been hypothesized that academic success and failure commence from learners’ home. No wonder then that some scholars have advocated that remedies to poor academic performance and or academic failure of students should begin from home. As a matter of fact, quite a number of studies have shown how pronounced or less pronounced family structure could be on academic performance.

A stable family environment is crucial for the development of cognitive and social skills necessary for academic success. According to research by Bronfenbrenner (2016), the family serves as the primary socialization agent, influencing a child’s attitudes towards learning, motivation, and overall academic performance. A student’s academic performance is influenced by a myriad of factors, ranging from the quality of the educational system to the socio-economic background of the students. Among these factors, the stability of the family unit has been increasingly recognized as a significant determinant of academic outcomes. This study focuses on understanding the relationship between family stability and the academic performance of secondary school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area, Delta State.

Family stability is widely recognized as a critical determinant of a child’s academic performance, forming the bedrock upon which educational success is built. The influence of a stable family environment on a child’s educational outcomes is particularly significant during the formative years of secondary education, where the support system provided by the family plays a vital role in shaping the student’s academic trajectory. In Oshimili South Local Government Area, Delta State, the relationship between family stability and academic performance is evident and serves as a reflection of the broader socio-economic and cultural dynamics prevalent in the region.

Family stability refers to the consistency and security provided by a stable family structure, characterized by the presence of supportive relationships, economic security, and emotional well-being within the family unit. Stable families typically provide a nurturing environment where children can thrive academically, socially, and emotionally. The significance of family stability in a child’s development has been well documented in educational psychology and sociology. The significance of family stability in a child’s development has been extensively documented in the fields of educational psychology and sociology.

A stable family environment typically offers children the continuity in caregiving, emotional support, and structured routines that are critical for their overall development. Amato (2017) highlights that children from stable families are more likely to experience consistent and nurturing relationships with their caregivers, which fosters a sense of security and belonging. This sense of stability contributes to better academic outcomes, as children are more focused and engaged in their studies when they feel supported and secure at home.

Research conducted in various regions of Nigeria, including Delta State, supports the notion that family stability plays a crucial role in determining students’ academic success. For instance, a study by Uwaifo (2015) emphasized that children from stable homes tend to perform better academically than those from unstable homes. The study found that family stability positively correlates with students’ motivation, self-esteem, and overall academic achievements.

Numerous studies have highlighted how a stable family environment positively influences students’ academic outcomes. Family stability generally includes factors such as marital harmony, consistent parental involvement, financial security, and emotional support. These elements contribute to creating a conducive learning environment, where students feel secure and are able to focus on their studies. In Oshimili South Local Government Area, family stability is closely tied to the socio-economic conditions of the region. Economic stability within the family, for instance, plays a crucial role in determining the level of academic support a student receives. Families with steady income sources are better positioned to provide educational resources such as textbooks, school uniforms, and private tutoring, which can significantly enhance a student’s academic performance. Conversely, economic instability, characterized by poverty and unemployment, can lead to financial stress within the family, making it difficult for parents to meet their children’s educational needs. This economic pressure often forces students to engage in part-time work or drop out of school entirely, adversely affecting their academic performance (Eze &  Akinwale 2016).

Emotional support within the family is another vital aspect of family stability that directly impacts academic performance. In a study conducted by (Onyekuru & Chukwuma 2019), it was found that students who receive emotional support and encouragement from their parents are more likely to excel academically. The study observed that emotional support fosters a positive learning environment at home, where students feel valued and understood. This sense of emotional security enables students to engage more deeply with their studies, leading to better academic outcomes. In contrast, a lack of emotional support or the presence of conflict within the family can lead to stress and anxiety, which can distract students from their academic pursuits.

Furthermore, the cultural dynamics in Oshimili South also play a significant role in shaping the relationship between family stability and academic performance. The extended family system, which is common in many parts of Nigeria, including Delta State, can either strengthen or weaken family stability. While extended families can provide additional support, particularly in terms of childcare and financial assistance, they can also introduce conflicts over responsibilities and resources, potentially destabilizing the family unit. This dynamic can have a direct impact on a student’s academic focus and performance, as unresolved family conflicts can create a disruptive home environment.

Recent shifts in family structures in Oshimili South, such as the increase in single-parent households due to factors like migration, divorce, and the death of a spouse, have introduced new challenges to maintaining family stability. These changes have had a profound impact on students’ academic outcomes. Research by (Iloh & Nwankwo 2020) indicates that children from single-parent families often face significant academic difficulties compared to those from two-parent households. The study attributes these challenges to the limited financial resources, time, and emotional support that single parents can provide, which can leave students feeling unsupported and overwhelmed by their academic responsibilities.

In addition to these socio-economic and cultural factors, the broader educational environment in Oshimili South also influences the relationship between family stability and academic performance. The region faces several challenges, including inadequate school infrastructure, insufficient teaching materials, and a lack of qualified teachers, all of which can hinder students’ academic success. When combined with family instability, these challenges can create a situation where students are unable to perform to their full potential, further widening the educational gap between students from stable and unstable families.

Family instability can have profound negative effects on a child’s development and academic performance. Family instability may arise from various factors, including divorce, separation, economic hardship, or domestic violence, each of which can disrupt the child’s sense of security and continuity. McLanahan & Sandefur (2018) emphasize that children from unstable family backgrounds often face reduced parental involvement, emotional distress, and limited access to educational resources. These challenges can lead to negative academic and behavioral outcomes, such as lower grades, increased absenteeism, and a higher likelihood of dropping out of school.

Divorce and separation, for example, often result in disruptions to the child’s living arrangements, routines, and relationships with parents. The emotional turmoil associated with these changes can lead to difficulties in concentration, motivation, and behavior in school. Children may also experience divided loyalties and conflicting relationships with parents, further complicating their emotional and psychological well-being. Research by Amato (2017) suggests that children who experience parental separation are at greater risk of experiencing academic decline due to the instability and stress associated with the breakup of the family unit.

Economic hardship is another significant factor contributing to family instability. Families facing financial difficulties often struggle to meet basic needs, let alone provide the resources necessary for educational success. Economic stress can lead to parental conflicts, increased work hours, and less time spent with children, all of which contribute to an unstable and stressful home environment. Children in these situations may have to contend with issues such as inadequate nutrition, lack of access to educational materials, and poor living conditions, all of which negatively impact their academic performance..

Domestic violence within the family is another critical factor that disrupts family stability and severely impacts a child’s development. Exposure to domestic violence can lead to long-term psychological trauma, affecting a child’s ability to focus, learn, and interact with others. Children living in such environments often experience anxiety, depression, and behavioral problems, all of which are detrimental to their academic achievement. The toxic stress associated with domestic violence can impair cognitive development and lead to difficulties in school, including lower academic performance and increased behavioral issues.

Additionally, a study by Eze and Akinwale (2016) in the Niger Delta region highlighted that children from single-parent homes were more likely to experience academic difficulties compared to those from two-parent households. This finding is particularly relevant to Oshimili South, where the increase in single-parent families due to divorce, migration, or death of a spouse has impacted students’ academic outcomes.

Furthermore, the role of gender cannot be overlooked in discussing family stability and academic performance. According to research by Onwuameze (2019), the impact of family instability is often more pronounced for female students, who may face additional pressures and expectations within the family setting. In many cases, girls are expected to take on more household responsibilities, which can detract from the time and energy they can devote to their studies. In Oshimili South, where traditional gender roles are still prevalent, these cultural expectations can exacerbate the negative effects of family instability on girls’ academic performance.

Students from unstable families often face a range of challenges that can severely hinder their academic performance. Unlike their peers from stable family environments, these children are more likely to experience a lack of parental support, which is crucial for their educational success. Parental involvement is a key factor in a child’s academic journey, providing guidance, motivation, and a sense of security. When this support is absent or inconsistent, children may struggle to stay engaged in their studies, leading to lower academic achievement. Emotional and psychological stress is another significant issue faced by children from unstable families. Family instability, which can arise from factors such as divorce, separation, financial difficulties, or domestic violence, often creates a stressful home environment. This stress can manifest in various ways, including anxiety, depression, and behavioral problems, all of which can detract from a child’s ability to focus on their education. For example, children who are constantly exposed to conflict at home may find it difficult to concentrate in school, as their minds are preoccupied with worries about their family’s well-being. This emotional burden can lead to a decline in academic performance, as these children may be less able to participate fully in classroom activities or complete their homework.

Disruptions in a child’s educational experience due to family conflicts or frequent relocations also contribute to academic difficulties. Family instability often leads to changes in living situations, which can result in children having to change schools multiple times. Each relocation can disrupt a child’s learning process, as they have to adapt to new environments, curricula, and social dynamics. This lack of continuity in their education can lead to gaps in learning, making it more challenging for these students to keep up with their peers. The constant upheaval associated with family instability can also erode a child’s sense of stability and security, further impacting their ability to perform well academically.

A study by Egbo & Nwoye  (2020) provides empirical evidence of the detrimental effects of family instability on academic performance in Delta State. Their research found that students from unstable family backgrounds were more likely to have lower academic performance compared to their peers from stable families. This study highlights the importance of parental involvement and emotional support in mitigating the negative impacts of family instability. According to them, when parents are actively involved in their children’s education, they can help buffer the adverse effects of an unstable home environment. This involvement includes attending parent-teacher meetings, monitoring homework, and providing emotional support, all of which contribute to a child’s academic success.

Moreover, the study underscores the role of emotional support in helping children navigate the challenges associated with family instability. Children who receive consistent emotional support from their parents or guardians are better equipped to cope with the stress and disruptions caused by family instability. This support can come in the form of open communication, reassurance, and encouragement, which help to foster resilience in children. Resilient children are more likely to maintain their academic performance despite the challenges they face at home. In contrast, children who do not receive adequate emotional support may become disengaged from their education, feeling isolated or overwhelmed by their circumstances. This disengagement can lead to a downward spiral in academic performance, as these children may lose interest in school, skip classes, or even drop out altogether. The lack of a supportive home environment makes it difficult for them to see the value in their education or to set and achieve academic goals.

However, over the past few decades, Nigeria has experienced rapid socio-economic changes, driven by factors such as urbanization, globalization, and economic pressures. These changes have significantly impacted traditional family dynamics, leading to shifts that have increased incidences of family instability. Olatunji & Aderibigbe (2019) highlight how urbanization, in particular, has transformed the traditional extended family structure. As more Nigerians migrate from rural areas to cities in search of better economic opportunities, the close-knit family units that once characterized Nigerian society are increasingly being replaced by nuclear families or single-parent households. This shift has weakened the support systems that were once available within the extended family network, leading to greater challenges in maintaining family stability.

The effects of these socio-economic changes are particularly evident in urban and semi-urban areas like Oshimili South Local Government Area in Delta State. Here, economic pressures, such as unemployment, underemployment, and the high cost of living, have exacerbated the challenges faced by families. As economic conditions become more strained, many families struggle to maintain the stability that is crucial for the well-being and development of their children. Parents, particularly those in low-income households, may work multiple jobs or longer hours, leaving less time for family interaction and supervision of their children’s education and emotional needs.

Moreover, the process of globalization has introduced new cultural values and lifestyles that are at odds with traditional Nigerian family norms. Exposure to Western ideas of individualism and nuclear family structures has influenced family dynamics, particularly among the younger generation. This cultural shift has led to changes in attitudes towards marriage, child-rearing, and family responsibilities, further contributing to family instability. For instance, the rising incidence of divorce and separation in urban areas can be partly attributed to the adoption of these new cultural norms, which emphasize personal fulfillment over communal or familial obligations.

In Oshimili South, these changes are not just abstract concepts but are reflected in the everyday lives of families. The traditional communal approach to child-rearing, where multiple generations lived together and shared responsibilities, is gradually giving way to more isolated family units. This transformation has significant implications for the stability of families and, by extension, the development and academic performance of children. As the extended family support system erodes, children may find themselves with fewer role models and less guidance, which can negatively impact their academic and social outcomes.

Furthermore, the economic pressures in urban and semi-urban areas like Oshimili South have led to increased stress within families, often resulting in conflicts and, in some cases, domestic violence. The stress of providing for a family in a challenging economic environment can strain relationships between spouses and between parents and children, leading to a breakdown in family stability. The absence of the extended family to mediate or provide support during such times exacerbates the situation, leaving many families vulnerable to instability.

In Oshimili South, the education system faces several challenges, including inadequate infrastructure, limited access to quality teaching, and socio-economic disparities among students. These challenges are compounded by the instability in many families, which further exacerbates the difficulties faced by students. According to a report by the Delta State Ministry of Education (2022), there has been a noticeable decline in the academic performance of students in the area, with family instability identified as one of the contributing factors.

Oshimili South Local Government Area, located in Delta State, Nigeria, presents a unique case study for examining the relationship between family stability and academic performance. The area is characterized by a mix of urban and rural communities, with a diverse population facing various socio-economic challenges. The region has experienced significant changes in family dynamics due to economic pressures, migration, and the influence of urbanization. These changes have led to increased family instability, which has had a profound impact on the academic performance of students in the area (Okonkwo & Eze 2019). Understanding the impact of family instability on the academic performance of students is essential for a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between family stability and academic performance in this area.

• Statement of the Problem

Despite the recognized importance of family stability in academic achievement, there remains a significant gap in the literature regarding its specific impact on students in Oshimili South Local Government Area. Many studies have focused on broader socio-economic factors or the effects of family structure, but few have delved into the stability of the family unit as a distinct factor. This oversight is particularly concerning given the unique socio-economic and cultural context of the region, which may influence how family stability affects academic performance.

This study seeks to address this gap by examining the relationship between family stability and the academic performance of secondary school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area. It aims to determine whether students from stable families perform better academically than their peers from unstable families, and to identify the specific aspects of family stability that most significantly impact academic outcomes.

1.3       Aim and Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to investigate the influence of family stability on the academic performance of secondary school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area. The specific objectives are to:

1. to explore the relationship between family stability and students’ academic performance.
2. to identify the role of parental involvement in shaping students’ academic performance.
3. to determine the effect of different family structures on students’ academic achievement.
4. to assess the impact of cultural and socio-economic factors on secondary school students’ performance.
5. to investigate the challenges faced by students from unstable family backgrounds and their impact on academic outcomes.

1.4       Research Questions

1. What is the relationship between family stability and the academic performance of secondary school students?
2. How does parental involvement influence academic success of secondary school students?
3. How do different family structures affect the academic achievements of students?
4. How do cultural and socio-economic factors affect the academic performance of secondary school students?
5. What challenges do students from unstable family backgrounds face and how do these challenges impact their academic outcomes?

1.5       Significance of the Study

The significance of this study lies in its potential to make a substantial impact on various stakeholders, including teachers, parents, students, researchers, policymakers and the society

Teachers: The findings of this study could provide essential insights into the external factors affecting students’ performance in school. Teachers often observe varying levels of academic achievement among students, but they may not always be aware of the underlying causes related to family dynamics. By highlighting the influence of family stability or instability on a child’s ability to succeed academically, teachers can be better equipped to identify students who might be struggling due to issues at home. This understanding allows them to offer more personalized support, implement appropriate teaching strategies, and foster a classroom environment that accommodates the needs of all students, particularly those facing challenges outside the school setting.

Students: This study holds particular significance for secondary school students in the Oshimili South Local Government Area by emphasizing the critical role that family stability plays in their academic success. In a community where various socio-economic challenges may affect family dynamics, the findings of this research can serve as a catalyst for positive change, both within individual households and the broader educational environment.

Parents: Parents too, stand to benefit from the insights this study offers. Understanding how their family dynamics affect their children’s education empowers parents to take proactive steps in creating a stable and supportive home environment. This knowledge can guide them in making decisions that prioritize their children’s academic well-being, such as fostering positive relationships, managing conflicts constructively, and seeking help when needed. Furthermore, parents who are aware of the potential impacts of instability on academic performance may be more motivated to engage with educators and participate in school activities, thereby contributing to a more collaborative effort in supporting their child’s education.

School owners: For school owners and administrators, this study enables school owners to identify and support students facing challenges related to unstable family environments so as to create an educational setting that better addresses the diverse needs of their students.

Policymakers: The study’s results are equally significant as they inform the development of policies and programs aimed at improving educational outcomes on a broader scale. By recognizing the crucial role that family stability plays in academic achievement, policymakers can advocate for initiatives that promote family well-being as a strategy to enhance educational success. This could include supporting programs that strengthen family structures, providing resources for families in crisis, or creating community-based interventions that address the root causes of family instability. Ultimately, policies informed by this study could lead to more effective and holistic approaches to education, recognizing that students’ lives outside of school are deeply interconnected with their performance within it.

Researchers:  This research will serve as a benchmark for future studies in similar non-Western contexts, where cultural and societal differences also play a significant role in shaping family dynamics and educational outcomes. By contributing localized knowledge, the study will help educators, policymakers, and researchers develop interventions that are culturally appropriate and more likely to succeed in improving academic performance among Nigerian students. It can also inform comparative studies, highlighting the similarities and differences in how family stability impacts education across different cultural settings.

The Society:   The broader society benefits from this study as it can inform the creation of targeted interventions aimed at supporting students from unstable family backgrounds. Schools, for example, could develop support programs that address the specific needs of these students, helping to mitigate the negative effects of family instability. Policymakers could use the research to craft policies that promote family cohesion, recognizing that a stable family environment is not only beneficial for individual children but also for the broader societal goal of educational equity.

1.6       Delimitation of the Study

This study is delimited to public secondary school students in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. The research will focus specifically on examining the relationship between family stability and the academic performance of these students. The choice of public secondary schools as the focus is intentional, as it ensures a more uniform socio-economic background, which could influence both family stability and academic performance. By concentrating on this geographical area, the study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the local context, which may not be generalizable to other regions or school types.

The study will not cover private secondary school students, nor will it consider schools outside Oshimili South Local Government Area. Additionally, while the concept of family stability is broad, this research will limit its exploration to specific indicators such as parental presence, marital status, and household structure. Factors such as income level, parental education, and other socio-economic variables will be considered but not explored in depth. Similarly, academic performance will be measured primarily through students’ grades and standardized test scores, without delving into other aspects of school engagement like extracurricular activities or behavioral issues.

In this study, the dependent variable is the academic performance of secondary school students. Academic performance is typically measured through students’ grades, test scores, and overall academic achievement, reflecting their success in meeting the educational standards set by their schools. This variable is crucial as it directly reflects the educational outcomes that the study seeks to understand in relation to family stability.

The independent variable in this study is family stability. Family stability refers to the consistency and security of the family environment in which the student is raised. It includes factors such as the presence of both parents, the absence of significant conflicts or disruptions (such as divorce, separation, or frequent relocations), and the emotional and financial support provided by the family. The researcher will explore how variations in family stability impact the academic performance of students, seeking to determine whether students from more stable families tend to perform better academically compared to those from less stable or more disrupted family environments.

1.7       Area of the Study

Oshimili South Local Government Area (LGA) is one of the prominent administrative regions in Delta State, Nigeria. It is strategically located and serves as the host for Asaba, the state capital. The area is characterized by a rich cultural heritage and plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development of the state.

Oshimili South LGA is situated within the coordinates of approximately 6.1981° N latitude and 6.7306° E longitude. This positioning places it in the southern part of Nigeria, along the western banks of the River Niger, making it a vital area in terms of connectivity and trade within the region.

Oshimili South is bordered to the north by Oshimili North Local Government Area, to the east by the River Niger, which also separates it from Onitsha in Anambra State, to the west by Aniocha South Local Government Area, and to the south by Ndokwa East Local Government Area. This strategic location, especially its proximity to the River Niger, has historically made it a key area for trade and migration.

The residents of Oshimili South LGA engage in various occupations, with the majority involved in civil service, given that Asaba, the state capital, hosts numerous government offices and institutions. Additionally, trade and commerce are significant, with the Asaba market being a bustling hub for goods and services. Agriculture, though on a smaller scale compared to other areas in Delta State, still plays a role, with some residents engaged in farming activities, including the cultivation of crops such as cassava, yam, and maize. Fishing, given the area’s proximity to the River Niger, also contributes to the local economy.

Oshimili South Local Government Area (LGA) is well-equipped with a range of educational institutions that cater to the learning needs of its residents, spanning from primary to tertiary levels. The area is home to numerous public and private primary schools, ensuring that basic education is accessible to children across the region. These schools are strategically spread throughout the LGA, providing early educational opportunities to every child.

At the secondary level, Oshimili South boasts a variety of public and private institutions that play a crucial role in shaping the academic foundation of the youth. Some of the notable public secondary schools in the area include St. Patrick’s College, Asagba Mixed Secondary School, and West End Mixed Secondary School. These schools are integral to the educational development of students, preparing them for higher education and future careers.

In terms of higher education, Asaba, the state capital located within Oshimili South LGA, hosts Delta State University, Anwai Campus, which offers a range of undergraduate programs across various disciplines. In addition to this, the Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba, provides specialized training in both technical and educational fields, equipping future teachers with the skills necessary to excel in their profession. These tertiary institutions contribute significantly to the intellectual and professional growth of the region’s populace.

1.8       Definition of terms

The following are key terms which are central to the study’s focus. Understanding these terms is crucial for comprehending the relationship between family dynamics and students’ academic outcomes.

Family Stability: This refers to the consistency and security within a family unit. It encompasses various factors, including the presence of both parents, the quality of relationships among family members, and the overall emotional and financial support provided within the household. A stable family environment is one where children experience minimal disruptions, such as frequent changes in residence, parental separation, or conflict. This stability is considered vital for the psychological and emotional well-being of children, which, in turn, influences their academic performance.

Academic Performance: This is the measurable outcome of a student’s learning process, usually assessed through grades, test scores, or other forms of academic evaluation. It reflects a student’s ability to understand and apply knowledge in various subjects. In this context, academic performance is influenced by multiple factors, including cognitive abilities, learning environment, and external support systems, such as the family.

Secondary School Students:  These are adolescents typically ranging from ages 12 to 18, who are enrolled in secondary education. This phase is crucial as it prepares students for higher education or vocational training. The academic performance of secondary school students is often seen as a predictor of future educational and career success.

Oshimili South Local Government Area: It is a geographical and administrative region in Delta State, Nigeria. It serves as the specific locale for the study, providing a contextual background that may influence the findings. The socio-economic characteristics of this area, including the quality of educational institutions, community support, and local culture, may all play roles in shaping family stability and, by extension, the academic performance of students.

Delta State: This is one of Nigeria’s 36 states, located in the southern part of the country. The state is known for its ethnic diversity, economic activities, and educational institutions. Understanding the broader context of Delta State is important, as it provides insight into the general conditions under which families in Oshimili South operate, which might impact family stability and academic outcomes.

Pages:  104

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.