Abstract

The study was to examine the assessment of student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) on the performance of business education graduates as perceived by business owners in Asaba. To achieve the essence, the study was divided into five chapters. Three research questions were raise and answered in the study, related literature were reviewed in the study. The study used a descriptive survey. The population comprised of two hundred and twenty four (224) registered private business owners in Asaba, Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Sample of the study was a simple random sampling technique which was used to randomly select one hundred and twenty five (125) private business owners out of the two hundred and twenty four (224) populations. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire which was validated by two lecturers from the school of business education. The method of data collection was mean statistics to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that; students’ industrial work experience scheme (SIWES), inadequate supervision of students on (SIWES) and inadequate provision of facilities influences the performance of students in industrial work experience scheme (SIWES). Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that; adequate supervision should be done by the tertiary institution to assert that the students is doing the right thing, adequate provision of facilities should be done by the owner of any organization accepting the IT students, and student should value the important of SIWES and grab the opportunity to acquire the basic needed to explore.

 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Business education is a part of technical and vocational education which is studied in secondary and tertiary institutions in the country, that is universities, polytechnics and colleges of education (Olaiya 2015). According to Nwaokolo in Ekpenyong (2014), Business education is divided into two parts: office education, which is vocational in nature for office careers and general business education which is a programme that provides information and competences needed for managing businesses.  Akerejola (2017) stated that the primary objective of Business education is to foster the acquisition of the necessary business competencies needed to effectively function in the world of work, either as an employee or an employer of labour, the need for ensuring that the theoretical knowledge acquired by students is matched with their practical knowledge gave room to the establishment of Student Industrial Works Experience Scheme (SIWES).

Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is one of the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) programmes and it was introduced in 1974 due to the inability of engineering and technology students in Nigeria universities and polytechnics to meet the practical aspects of their training (Ojokuku, 2015). That is, the needs to enable students match their theoretical school knowledge with the practical aspect of their training in industry. According to Ekpenyong (2011). One of the principles underlying any industrial work experience scheme for students in institutions of learning is the desire to marry the practical with the theoretical learning which characterizes conventional classroom situations with a view to striking a balance between theory and practice.

Linn and Miller (2015) defined assessment as any of a variety of procedures used to obtain information about student performance. Linn and Miller went further to state that assessment can be refers to the full range of information gathered and synthesized by teachers about their students and their classroom.  Jam (2017) opined that performance is the ability to study and remember facts and being able to communicate your knowledge verbally or on paper. In other words, academic performance refers to how students deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers.  Academic performance generally refers to how well a student is accomplishing his or her tasks or studies.

The assessment of Students Industrial Work Experience (SIWES) has thus, been a cause of concern to education, economic planners and business owners at large, particularly with respect to graduate employment. There are also mixed concern about how much of it that actually help students academic performance and job readiness after graduation. While some institutions and programs permit SIWES for only three months, other go for up to one year. There has been several research literature, in the area of student work experience and its assessment on student development of fitness for the challenges of the job market.  For effective and efficient work experience, it is good that the above guidelines are followed. The students industrial training enable students match, therefore the industrial training experience scheme has become part of the curriculum of education and necessary requirement for graduation in all engineering technology courses in Nigeria universities and polytechnics.

However, this research if focused on examining the assessment of student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) on students after completion of the programme.

Statement of Problem

Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a laudable skills acquisition programme which is geared towards technological development of the nation. However, the scheme cannot  be  said  to  have  achieved  the  desired  objectives  due  to  many    factors ,   ranging    from    the    structural    causes    of    performance problems that have plagued the system, but also increasing  number  of  students  and  institutions  which  place  undue  pressure  on  the  few  surviving  industrial  organizations  and  most  students  on  attachment  in  places  of  convenience  without giving considerations to the relevance of the workplace to their course of studies.

Assessment of SIWES on the performance of business education graduate cannot be over emphases because there is a lot of factor affecting the student performance. Based on interaction with some business owners the research was able to specify the factors affecting the assessment of SIWES on the performance of business Education graduates which include; lack of adequate supervision, non singing of necessary materials like ITF form 8 and students logbooks at their places of attachment, difficulties of students in getting placement state, unnecessary delay in the payment of students and supervisors allowance among others.

Based on the above factors, the researcher therefore sort to investigate on the assessment of students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) on the performance of business education graduates as perceived by business owners in Asaba.

Purpose of the Study

The major purpose of this study is assessment of students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) on the performance of business education graduates as perceived by business owners in Asaba.

Specifically the study shall sort to:

1. Determine the effectiveness of Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) towards student development.
2. Determine how inadequate supervision of students on SIWES affect the performance of business education graduates
3. Examine how inadequate provision of facilities affect the performance of student I industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)

Research Questions

The study was guided on the following research questions:

1. To what extent does effectiveness of students’ industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) influence students development?
2. To what extent does inadequate supervision of students on industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) affect the performance of business education graduates?
3. To what extent does inadequate provision of facilities affect the performance of student in industrial work experience scheme (SIWES)?

Significant of the Study

The research will be of immense benefit to business educators, school administrators, the government and business education graduates. The research will be of great benefit to the business educators because it will enable them to become aware of the benefits of industrial training, it will on the other hand help school administer to be able to understand specific problems which relate to the students of business education in their industrial training after which the school administers can be able to plan further strategies for their solution to conduct their training properly to the student effective and efficient experience.

This study will be of huge benefit to the government and the Industrial Training Fund (ITF) it will enable them to see the prospect of their effort towards the programme and also serve as a means of solving the problems faced by trainees and cause possible amendment to be made to ensure the continuity of the programme, it will also help the ITF to know if their aim and objects is being fulfilled

Scope of the study:

The scope of the study focuses on assessment of students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) on the performance of business education graduates as perceived by business owners in Asaba. Based on the study it restricted to determine the factors responsible for assessment of students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) on the performance of business education graduates as perceived by business owners in Asaba and does factors are lack of inadequate supervision, non signing of necessary materials, inadequate provision of facilities among other.

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Pages:  63

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

The study examined the impact of the use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) among bank customers in Asaba Urban, Delta State. To achieve this, the study was divided into five chapters. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study, related literature were reviewed in the study.  The study used a descriptive survey. The population of the study consists of fifty eight (58) Zenith Bank (traffic junction) Customers in Asaaba of Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Simple random sampling technique was used in selecting the fifty eight (58) Zenith Bank (traffic junction) customers in Asaba of Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Due to the small nature of the population, the sample was manageable because the research was able to get to all the respondents in the population. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire which was validated by two lecturers from the school of Business Education and expert in measurement and evaluation. The method of data collection was mean statistics to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that, Automated Teller Machine (ATM) enhance customers satisfaction in commercial bank, customers derived benefit from using Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in commercial bank and operation of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in banks affect the bank customers. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that Bankers should sensitize their customers on the proper use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) and bankers should also procure modern technology to strengthen network signal to quick processing of ATM transaction in order to arouse customers satisfaction and benefit.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study 

The  evolution  of  information  and  communications technology  (ICT)  has  brought development  and  adoption  of advanced  technologies in  commerce  and  industry. Such modern technology in the banking sector is the Automated Teller Machine (ATM) system (Komal, 2017).  Automated Teller Machines (ATM) are devices used by bank customers to process account transactions. Typically, a user inserts into the ATM a special plastic card that is encoded with information on a magnetic strip. The strip contains an identification code that is transmitted to the bank’s central computer by modem. To prevent unauthorized transactions, a personal identification number (PIN) must also be used by the user using a keypad. The computer then permits the ATM to complete the transaction; most machines can dispense cash, accept deposits, transfer funds, and provide information on account balances. Banks have formed cooperative, nationwide networks so that a customer of one bank can use an ATM of another for cash access, by extension all commercial bank’s ATM in Nigeria are inter-connected (Okoh, 2016).

According to Edet, (2017) automation is the use of machine instead of people to do a job or industrial process with respect to banking, it, involves the use of automatic machine and computer base device to perform banking activities in a way to increase speed, accuracy and capacity.  Automation allows bankers to get closer to their customers and deliver a wide range of service at a lower cost.  He further stated that it is belief that there are four ways in which automation can be use banking industry, and they are:- to perform greater expended base to be handled, to reduce substantial real cost of handling payment, cut the banks free from traditional constraints upon time and place and introduce new product and services

The automated teller machine (ATM) is a cash dispenser that is designed to enable customer to enjoy banking service without coming into contact with any banks staff.  The ratio of machine is guided through instructions programme into the machine.  Users can gain access into ATM system through a personal identification pin number give to, the customers and must not be discloses to a third party (Akingbola, 2015). A mechanical cash dispenser, arguably an ATM, was developed, and build by Luther George Simjian and installed in 1939 in New York city by the city bank of New York, but remove after 6 months due to lack of over 25years, Nut ill, De ta Rue developed the first electronic ATM, which was installed first in Enfield, Town in north London on 27m June 1967 by Barclays bank (Andoh-Baidoo, and Osatuyi, 2016) he further stated that this instance of innovation was credited to John shepherd Barron, although various other engineers were awarded patents to related technologies at the times.  Shepherd  Barron was awarded on OBE in the 2005 New Year’s honour.  The first person to use the machine was Reg verney of’’ on the buses fame, a British television programme from the 1960.  The first ATMs accept only a single – use taken 1- voucher, which was retain by the machine.  These worked on various principles, including radiation and low-coercivity magnetism that was wiped by the card reader to make fraud more difficult.

Globally, Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) have been adopted and are still being adopted by banks. They offer considerable benefits to both banks and their depositors. The machines can enable depositors to withdraw cash at more convenient times and places than during banking hours at branches. In addition, by automating services that were previously completed manually, ATMs reduce the costs of servicing some depositors of demand. These potential benefits are multiplied when banks share their ATMs, allowing depositor of other banks access their account through a bank’s ATM (Andrews, 2013).

The use of ATM leads to the concept of “anywhere and anytime”‘ banking. Through the use of ATM cards, one can check account balances, make payment and withdraw money at ones convenience at ATM installed, without having to go to the banking hall. This is gradually creating a cashless society where customers no longer have to pay cash for the purchase of goods or services. For example bank customers can pay for Dstv subscription through “Quick teller platform” by transferring money directly from their account to pay for the subscription. As most people now own mobile phones, Banks have, also introduced mobile banking, this allows individuals to check their account balances on mobile phones. The delivery channels today in Nigeria are quite numerous as we have the automated teller machine (ATM), point of sales (POS), smart cards, internet banking etc. (Ikechukwu, 2014).

Hence, there is clearly a need to study the impact of automated teller machine (ATM) on bank customer in Asaba. It is against this background that the research sees the subject-matter worthy of investigation.

Statement of the Problem

In recent times in Nigeria, customers of banks are no longer only concerned about safety of their funds and increase return on investments but demand efficient, fast and convenient services. Customers want a bank that will offer them services that will meet their particular needs and support their business goals at any given time, even after working hours. All these are only achievable through the use of ATMs. A business person no longer want to travel with cash for security reasons, they want to be able to view their activity online, finds out if their cheques are cleared, transfer funds from their account to other account at their convince. All these are achievable through electronic banking. A bank customer who travels out of the country and still needs to withdraw or purchase goods without necessarily carrying cash will only need to fund his Visa card account and he can withdraw cash through an ATM with automatically calculate with the exchange rate and gives the customer the currency spent in the country he is. Nicholas (2015) revealed that the number of ATM users is increasing instantly due to restriction against withdraw from the teller leading to queues outside banks and chaos at all cash vending machines which led to customer dissatisfaction

Inspite of this laudable impact of ATMs to bank customers, a lot of them do not subscribe to its use, owing to several complaints from some ATM users who complain about problems arising from fraudulent activities of ATM fraudsters and normal challenges, such as telecommunication break down, age which makes most ATM machines in Nigeria to run on generators, UPS and inverters. As such doubt is expressed about the impact of Automated Teller Machines (ATM) on bank customer satisfactions. Balunywa, (2017) disclosed that ATM has diverse merits but customers still complain of shortfalls on the use of the system such as; break downs of ATMs, long queues at ATM service points, retention of customers cards, limited knowledge on the use of ATM cards, fraudulent transactions and its operation in just a few languages. Much as Stanbic Bank has managed to put up 173 machines they are still experiencing long queues in the banking hall and at the ATM point with no clear known cause. Korah (2015) argued that ATM technology in banking industry has caused long queues which lead to continuous customer dissatisfaction since people wait for hours to get the cash needed to meet their daily expenses and limit customers daily withdraw. It is against this problem that the researcher seeks to investigate on the impact of the use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM among bank customers in Asaba, Delta State.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study was to assess the impact of the use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) among bank customer in Asaba Urban, Delta State.

Specifically, the study sought to:

1. Investigate how Automated Teller Machine enhances customer’s satisfaction in commercial bank in Asaba.
2. Examine the benefits a customer derives from using Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in commercial bank in Asaba.
3. Identify the challenges militating against ATM operation in commercial bank in Asaba.

Research Question

1. To what extent does ATM enhances customer’s satisfaction in commercial banks?
2. To what extent does customers benefit from using Automated Teller Machine (ATM) in commercial banks?
3. To what extent do the challenges militating against ATM operation in banks affect their customers?

Significance of the Study

The significance of this study could be of immense benefit to students, bank executives/policy makers of banks and financial institutions, scholars and researchers and bank customers.

The study could be of immense benefit to the students because it will enlighten them on the relevance of ATM machine for transaction and with this it will enable them to make the payment of schools fess, school due and other school payments easily so as to reduce stress for them and they can equally withdraw money easy when their parents/guidance send them money.

The study could also be of immense benefit to the bank executives/policy makers of banks and financial institutions because it will enable them to be aware of Automated teller Machine as a major product of electronic commerce in Nigeria with a view to making strategic decisions.

The research is equally significant because it could provide scholars and researchers who may wish to undertake a similar study as they will use it as springboard to their own work.

Finally, it could also be beneficial to the customer in the sense that they will know the importance at ATM.  It will also benefit from this study since they are all an account holder or a bank’s customer.

Scope of the Study

The study focuses on impact of the use of Automated Teller Machine (ATM) among bank customers in Asaba Urban, Delta State. The study covers ATM enhancement on customers, benefit of the use of ATM to customers and challenges facing ATM operation.

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Pages:  109

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

The examined the assessment of human and material resources for effective teaching of Business Studies in Asaba Urban as perceived by business studies teachers. To achieve the essence, the study was divided into five chapters. Three research questions were raised and answered in the study.  The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study consists of all the business studies teachers teaching in public Junior Secondary Schools in Asaba. Due to the small nature of the population, there was no sample because the population was a manageable one. The instrument for data collection was questionnaire which was validated by two lecturers from the school of Business Education and expert in measurement and evaluation. The reliability of the instrument was determined through test re-test method. Using Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficient the result yielded 0.80. The method of data analysis was mean statistics to answer the research questions. The findings of the study revealed that the type of instructional materials used by the teacher influences the teaching and learning of business studies, teachers attitude in the use of instructional materials influence the teaching and learning of business studies and students attitude to the use of instructional materials influence the teaching and learning of business students. Based on the findings, it was recommended among others that teachers should provide the instructional materials needed to facilitate teaching and learning process in public junior secondary schools, government should supply needed instructional materials to enhance teaching and learning in junior school since the availability of teaching aids makes students performance better and parents should provide the basic needs of their children in the teaching and learning process in junior secondary schools and also endeavour to check their children note every day.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Business is any activity performed or services rendered which provide goods or services to satisfy human needs and desires. Olatunji (2015),  asserted that it should be noted that any business activity must be legal and must bring a reward or profit.  The goods and services provided in any business activity must result in the provision of tangible or intangible goods. Tangible goods are products you can see physically or hold e.g biro, shoes, dresses etc while intangible goods are what cannot be seen or touch, it involves service rendered by teachers, doctors, engineer, etc.

In line with the above, Olatunji (2015), stated that business studies can therefore be seen as an academic subject that embraces areas such as accounting, marketing and economics.” Business study is the study at an academic level of how businesses operate in the various global market places, both at a practical and theoretical level.

However, Nwankwo (2015), stated that most business studies teachers do not make use of human and material resource in teaching and learning of business studies, he further stated that the educational sector in Nigeria is in continuous change with the advancement in the level of technology and introduction of teaching aids. The effectiveness of the use of instructional materials for the teaching and learning of business education can only be seen in the level of academic performance of students in business education (Chika, 2014).

Mbadugha (2017), stated that material resources provide the physical media through which the intents of the curriculum are experienced. He further stated that material resources are collections of materials and equipment that processes instruction and training; such materials and equipment may be derived from the objectives of teaching and learning. They assist in putting across information and enable both teaching and learning to be effectively done. The importance of material resources in enhancing effective teaching and learning of business studies cannot be undermined due to the positive impact it has on the level of assimilation of students (Atakps, 2017). Teaching-learning of Business studies in schools without material resources such as, chart, maps, curves and graphs etc will not bring out the expected results. Most researchers have discovered the problems of inadequate material resources as one of the major problem that lead to poor academic performance of students in Business studies (Uzoegwu, 2014).

The materials being used in teaching were called material resources, teaching aids, they are to assist the achievement of the stated educational goals and objectives. This means that teaching aids are helping in teaching and learning and also provide help in developing similar skills in solving relevant problems in Business studies for instance, students negative attitude to Business studies is due to poor perception of the course; Business studies as a subject is very simple but because of lack of qualified and experienced teacher to handle the subject, makes it difficult to the students in the secondary schools during teaching and learning process. The influence of using material resources in promoting students’ academic performance in teaching and learning in educational development is indisputable (Abdullahhi, 2017). He further stated that the teaching of Business studies in Nigerian secondary schools need to be properly handled because business studies contribute to the nation’s economic development, hence their need to be taught thoroughly if it is to meet the educational and economical development.

The effectiveness of utilizing appropriate material resources in teaching and learning of Business studies is not void of quality instructor. In order to give quality Education to the younger generation, there is need for employment of more competent, experienced and qualified business studies teachers. The need to identify suitable material resources, by which students can be made to trap the extent of the subject easily, is the focus of this study. However, the use of material resources in secondary schools, would help in improving the teaching and learning and academic performance of students in business studies respectively. Material resources which are Educational inputs are of vital importance to the teaching of any subject in the school curriculum. Wales in Richard (2015), was of the opinion that availability and the use of instructional resources would make discovered fact glued firmly to the memory of students. Emmanuel (2018) also added that, a well planned and imaginative use of visual aids in lesson should do much to banish apathy, supplement in adequacy of books as well as arouse students’ interest by giving them something practical to see and do and at the same time helping to think things out themselves. Selection of materials can help in-depth understanding of lesson by the students in which they make the lesson attractive, thereby capturing their attention and motivating them to learn. It is on this premises that made the researcher to investigate on the assessment of human and material resources for effective teaching of business studies in Oshimili South Local Government Area as perceived by teachers.

Statement of the Problem

Inspite of the importance of instructional material, the research seek to ascertain if the following reason are the problems militating against the use material resources in teaching and learning of business studies in schools. These include; lack of electricity supply to operate some visual aids, lack of qualified educational technologists to operate them, unavailability and inaccessibility of media, non-existence of Education Resources’ Centers (ERC), incompetence of teachers, large classes, lack of facilities, centralized funding and media acquisition arrangements. However, curriculum planners should emphasize the use of instructional materials by teachers for a break-through in educational attainments. Thus, this makes it imperative to investigate on the assessment of human and material resources for effective teaching of business studies in Oshimili South Local Government Area as perceived by teachers.

Purpose of the Study

The general purpose of this study is to determine the assessment of human and material resources for effective teaching of business studies in  Oshimili South Local Government Area as Perceived by teachers.

Specifically, the study sought to:

1. determine the type of instructional materials used by the teachers in the teaching and learning of business studies in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.
2. determine how teachers’ attitude to the use of instructional materials influence the teaching and learning of business studies in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.
3. determine how students’ attitude to the use of instructional materials influence the teaching and learning of business students in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.

Research Question

The following research questions guided the study:

1. To what extent does the type of instructional materials used by the teachers influences the teaching and learning of business studies?
2. To what extent does teachers’ attitude to the use of instructional materials influence the teaching and learning of business studies?
3. To what extent does students’ attitude to the use of instructional materials influence the teaching and learning of business studies? 

Significance of the Study

The study would be of immense benefit to students, teacher, government and researchers. The use of instructional materials gives the learner opportunity to touch, smell or taste objects in the teaching and learning process. Consequently, knowledge passed unto the students at different levels of educational instructions should be well planned and properly aligned with relevant instructional materials for clarity and comprehensibility. The effective use of instructional materials would enable them to effectively learn and retain what they have learnt and thereby advancing their performance in the subject in question.

To the teachers, the study would be of immense benefit because after perusing this study the teacher will be able to understand the benefit of instructional material in classroom because it makes teaching and learning of business studies easier and clearer for students understanding, having known the importance of the instructional material in classroom. The teacher will be able to make amend and see how he/she will make sure instructional material is used in every of his/her classes.

To the government, the study will also be of immense benefit because it will enable government understand the relevance of instructional material and having known the relevance of instructional material they will be able to see the areas where the school lack adequate instructional material and see how they can provide the schools with the instructional materials that there are lacking in schools.

The study would also be significant to the educational system and society at large. This is because when teachers solidify their teaching with concrete instructional materials and the learners learn effectively, the knowledge acquired will reflect in the society positively.

Scope of the Study

The scope of the study is limited to the assessment of human and material resources for effective teaching of business studies in Oshimili South Local Government Area as perceived by teachers. Specifically, the study focused on various types of instructional materials used by the, teachers attitude to use of instructional materials and students attitude to the use of instructional materials.

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Pages:  69

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the impact of gender sensitivity and entrepreneurial skills development in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Four research questions guided this study. A descriptive survey design was adapted for the study. The population comprised of five hundred (500) registered entrepreneurs under the corporate affairs commission in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Sample of the study was 150 registered entrepreneurs which were drawn from five categories of entrepreneurial ventures randomly selected out of 500. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire which was validated by experts in Measurement and Evaluation. The method of data analysis was mean statistics to answer the research questions. The findings revealed that entrepreneurial skill affects the economic development, gender discrimination has on entrepreneurial skills development, and entrepreneurial programmes of the government influence gender sensitivity on entrepreneurial skill in the development of Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Individuals go into business for the sake of obtaining regular income, becoming self employed and also help others. Although there are different kinds of business enterprises that female and male can go into, often times, some business are regarded as more suitable for one sex and not the other. This means that there are some gender discriminations in the choice of business one goes into and by extension, in entrepreneurial skills. Apparently, gender attitudes and behavior may have positive or negative effect on entrepreneurial skills in a society or economy.

Gender sensitivity as it relates to the fifty percent of the world’s population is    of concern in the entrepreneurial skills (Schumpeter 2011). According to (Orhungur and Belovices in Osuala d2010) gender is the expectation a society has formed about someone simply because the person is a woman or man.  The population census in Nigeria reveals  that  women  make  up  about  fifty  percent  of  the  140  million  people (Nwabudike, 2011).  These women constitute  about  45%  of  the  70%  unemployed population (Meanudre, 2010). So the women play a key role in entrepreneurial for national development. In  most of  the  developing  world,  women  form  the bed rock of the society  because of  their entrepreneurial skills.  However, they are always at the receiving end of negative impact of any distressed economy being mothers as some of them have fatherless children, as widows or single parents. Hence, they are saddled with the sole  responsibility of  bringing up these children. But in Nigeria, and especially  in  Delta State,  some married women still shoulder the responsibility of managing their homes acting as a support to their husband’s success as the saying goes “that behind every successful man is a good woman”.  So, gender  sensitivity in  entrepreneurial  skill  needs  investigation  in  view  of the crucial role of women in the society.

Encarta Dictionary (2010) defines an entrepreneur  as  a  risk  taking business person. An entrepreneur is somebody who initiates or finances new commercial enterprise (Longenecker, Nwachukwu, and Osburg 2012).  He/she is somebody who has taken risks, an owner, or manager of a business. He/she contributes something  and  identifies  business  opportunity  by  starting  new  business  she/he  is innovative and provides job for others. They are founders of a business  firm and always look for opportunities or market.

An ability and capacity acquired through deliberate, systematic, and sustained effort to smoothly and adaptively carryout complex activities or job functions involving ideas (cognitive skills), things (technical skills), and/or people (interpersonal skills) Osuman, (2011).

Entrepreneurial, as an emerging field of study and as an area of human endeavour, has received increasing interest of researchers, academicians and policy makers the world over. It has equally provoked controversies over its concept and definition. Entrepreneurial is seen as an effective means not only of combating unemployment, poverty and under-development in the developing nations, but also as a strategy for rapid economic development in both developed and developing nations (Schumpeter, Harper, Morris & Lewis, 2010).

Entrepreneurial activities have been found to be capable of making positive impact on the economy of a nation and quality of life of the people. Studies have shown it positive relationship to stimulation of economic growth, employment generation and empowering of the disadvantaged portion of the population which include men and women, Raghava (2010). According to Adejumo, (2000) The experiences of developed economies in relation to the roles played by entrepreneurship buttresses the fact that the importance of entrepreneurship cannot be overemphasized especially among the developing countries. In order to highlight its significance in relation to the growth and development of a given economy, entrepreneurship has been variously referred to as a “source of employment generation”. This is because entrepreneurial activities have been found to be capable of making positive impacts on the economy of a nation and the quality of life of the people

Studies have established its positive relationship with stimulation of economic growth; employment generation; and empowerment of the disadvantaged segment of the population, which include women and the poor (Oluremi and Gbenga, 2011; Mueller and Thomas, 2000; Reynolds, 1987).

This research work therefore intends to take a critical look at impact of gender sensitivity and entrepreneurial skills with particular reference to Oshimili South Local Government of Delta State in general, and also to suggest the possible solution to indentified problems and give recommendation where necessary.

Statement of the Problem

Women’s population of 68.3 million constitutes almost half of the entire country’s population, of 140 million (National Population Commission, 2006). This numerical strength has not been translated to equal treatment in the society. Apart from numerical strength, women have great potentials to evolve a new economic order, thereby helping in accelerating social and political development and consequently transforming the society into a better one. Olawoye (1995) describes Nigerian women as a crucial factor in production. The author further posited that, they are largely responsible for the bulk production of crops, agro-based food processing, preservation of crops and distribution of yields from farm centres to market in both rural and urban areas.

Nigerian women are contributing their quota to the development of the nation, but their potentials seem not to have been fully tapped due to some constraints. Disparities still exist between men and women in business, employment and income opportunities, control over assets, personal security and participation in the development process (Rahman &Naoroze, 2007). This may be as a result of lingering constraints including poor economic condition of Nigerian women, lack of adequate legislation and policies to support the rights of women, unequal access to education, limited access to land, lack of assertiveness among women etc. Level of education, income level, and men’s perception on the need for women’s participation in development have been viewed as determining factors in women’s participation in development processes. With regard to political participation, women have been grossly underrepresented. The last general election revealed a 6 percent representation of women across all levels of elected offices across the country. With regard to Enugu State, out of the 17 local government areas of the state, no woman was elected as the executive chairman and only five women are in the state house of assembly that has 24 members. This is a gross under representation of women who make up about 50 percent of Nigerian population (WACOL, 2008). Affirmative action has not been fully adopted by either governments or political parties. There is still low level of education among women.

Many programmes have been put in place at local, state, national and international levels. These programmes and initiatives aim at widening women’s access to business, encouraging women’s full participation in cash economy, politics and reviewing laws on status of women. These initiatives are organized by both women themselves, and governmental and non-governmental organizations and include the provision of micro-credit facilities, educational programmes, skill acquisition, political participation, and related activities. This research will therefore assess the entrepreneurial initiatives available in OshimiliSouth Local Government Area in Delta State and how it has impacted on gender sensitivity. Thus, proffering solution to the discrimination of women in entrepreneurial skill

Purpose of the Study

The general purpose of this study is to access the impact of gender sensitivity and entrepreneurial development in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Specifically the purpose of this study is:

1. To determine the extent to which entrepreneurial skill affects the economic development of Oshimili South Local Government Area in entrepreneurship.
2. To determine the effect in which gender discrimination has on entrepreneurial skill development in Oshimili South Local Government Area.
3. To determine whether entrepreneurial programms of the government discourage gender discrimination in entrepreneurship in Oshimili South Local Government Area.

Research Question

The following research questions guides the study:

1. To what extent does entrepreneurial skill affects the economic development of Oshimili South Local Government Area?
2. To what extent does gender discrimination effects entrepreneurial skills development in Oshimili South Local Government Area?
3. To what extent does entrepreneurial programmes of the government discourage gender discrimination in entrepreneurship in Oshimili South Local Government Area?

Significance of the Study

The importance of the study will be beneficial to business student, it will help female entrepreneurs and government at large.

It will help business student to contend with gender related issues that might influence their success in business.

It would be of great benefit to female entrepreneurial who have been discriminated on the business probable because the society taught that the business is meant for male’s only to trade on.

Finally, it is hoped that the study will assist government and her agencies in the process of developing entrepreneurial skills programmes.

Scope of the Study

The research work will centered on the impact of gender sensitivity and entrepreneurial skills in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.

Based on the factor militating on gender sensitivity and entrepreneurial skills, this study will be restricted to five categories of business ventures in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.

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Pages:  57

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

Abstract

The major purpose of this study was assessment of utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools. This study adopted descriptive survey research design the study was conducted in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State. The population for this study was 189 teachers in the public secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone where business education subject is taught comprising male 54 and female 135. Instrument for data collection was structured questionnaire titled: Business Education Instructional Materials Utilization Assessment Questionnaire (BEIMUAQ) The instrument were sub-divided into 5 section (A – E), part A contain demographic variable of the respondent, while section B to E solicited information on the assessment of utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning business education subject. Section B addressed research question one and focused on the extent of availability of instructional materials utilized in teaching and learning of business education subject. The items adopted a four-point rating scale of Very Much Available (VMA) = 4, Just Available (JA) = 3, Rarely Available (RA) = 2, Not Available (NA) =1 while section C adopted Very Much Utilized (VMU) = 4, Utilized (U) = 3, Rarely Utilized (RU) = 2 and Not Utilized (NU) = 1.

Furthermore, section D and E adopted response categories of Strongly Agree (SA) = 4, Agree (A) = 3, Disagree (D) = 2, Strongly Disagree (SD) =1. The questionnaire was face- validated by three experts from the Department of Business Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Cronbach Alpha reliability method was used to determine the internal consistency of the instrument with a calculated coefficient of 0.93. The questionnaire was administered to the respondents by the researcher with the help of research assistants. The data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation. The data were analyzed using real limit of numbers on 4- point rating scale. Since the upper limit of 2.50 is 3.00, the items whose mean score were 2.50 and above were regarded as materials utilized and below 2.50 as not being utilized. t-test was used to test the null hypotheses at 0,05 level of significant. The findings shows that they use audio tape recorders in teaching and learning of business education subject, qualified business teachers with knowledge of instructional materials required to teach business education subject. The study therefore recommends that seminars and workshops should be organized for teachers on the availability and management of materials in schools and teachers need to update their skills in the area of modern technology to enable them discharge their duties effectively. 

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Desirable changes in learners occur through good teaching. Good teaching and learning take place when the teachers are able to convey their messages in the simplest, most convincing and practical ways to the earner using concrete objects.  These concrete objects, according to Umoh-mac and Nkume (2006), are the instructional materials or teaching aids the teachers use in his teaching. The instructional materials enhance real and meaningful teaching and learning.  Instructional materials can serve as a communication media that transmit information from the teacher to the learner with the intent of facilitating learning.  Olaitan (2002) defined instructional material as all the practical and skill development resources that would facilitate the process of teaching and learning. Instructional materials are those devices that must be there for the teacher to us while teaching to make the lesson more meaningful, these include: textbooks, comfortable seats and well-ventilated classroom are materials needed in educational teaching and learning.

Instructional materials are needed for the implementation of any educational programme. They are inevitable because of the impact they make on teaching and learning process. There is no doubting the fact that the essence of all techniques in teaching is to expose the learner to the subjects matter. Unless adequate activities and materials are effectively employed, there is hardly a way the learner could be in contact with the subject matter. The use of instructional materials is recommended at any stage of the child’s developments and level of education. Uzoegwu (2001) opined that teachers are to employ instructional materials in their teaching in order to make sure that learning is more permanent in the mind of the learners. Instructional materials, the author further stated, provide the learners with meaningful, accurate and real experiences from the subject taught using instructional materials.

Instructional materials are aids teacher brings to class to help the teacher impact the lesson with ease. These include: charts, pictures, real objects. They are representatives of the fact the teacher intends to impact to the students. They are the teacher’s companion in the process of teaching. In agreement to this, Oyedele (2008) opined that teaching would be less meaningful without the use of teaching facilities and he went further to say that students will grope in the dark for a long time before getting a grasp of what to teach without instructional materials. Similarly, Chika (2001) agreed to the fact that teaching facilities apart from lending themselves to practical learning are equally essential for actual occupational/job performance for self-reliance. It is indeed very necessary that the teachers especially the business teachers use instructional materials so that students can have the opportunity of seeing, touching and manipulating them. This would ultimately increase the students’ interest   and achievement in the subject matter. Agreeing with this state, Aliyu (2001) postulated that business education being a vocational education programme cannot do without adequate use of instructional materials like typewriting machines, dictation machines and tape recorders among others. Therefore instruction materials are any materials use by teacher to teach business education subject easily with clear understanding, contract and concrete example to aids teaching and learning of business education subject.

Business education is defined by Anao (2006) as the sum total of knowledge, skills and attitude that are required for successfully promoting and administering business enterprise either as an employee or entrepreneur. In the same vein, Nwaokolo (2008) also described business education as skills, attitude and knowledge acquired from schools for performing business operations of personal or corporate nature. Business education at the

Junior Secondary School level comprised of the following subjects taught as pre-vocational and as an integrated subjects: Introduction to Business Studies, Office practice, Commerce, Book-keeping Shorthand and Keyboarding/Typewriting. According to Obi (2008) state that business subjects are made up of the following vocational subjects: Accounting,   Economics, Commerce, Computer Studies/Keyboarding, Business method, Shorthand in Secondary School level.

Whether at the junior or senior secondary school level, the principal objective of this subject remain to bequeath the students with the relevant job skills, knowledge and attitude necessary for paid or self-employment as well as for higher education in business areas. Osuala (2002) stated that the business education curriculum in the secondary school is a special area of instruction that deals directly with business skills and techniques, business knowledge and facts, business understanding, economic understanding, business attitudes and business appreciations necessary to understand and adjust to economic and social institution called business. According to Olowodun (2006) business education is full of demonstrable skills; hence instructional materials are required and needed for effective teaching and learning in the classroom learning process. The materials for teaching business education subject such as: the recommended textbooks, to the more sophisticated overhead projectors, manual/electric typewriters, calculating machines, duplicating/ photocopying machines, stopwatches, file cabinets, punching machines, models, chalkboard, or their representatives that help the teacher to communicate effectively to the students.  These materials make learning more permanent and to develop continuity of thought among the learners.

The utilization of available instructional materials in the teaching of business subjects would promotes meaningful communication between the teacher and students, enhance effective teaching, increase the interest of learners and motivate individualized instruction in which learning is assured (Ukoha, 2006). This implies that, the ultimate goal of utilizing instructional facilities is to facilitate teaching and learning.

Utilization is the proportion of the available time (expressed usually as a percentage) that a piece of equipment or instructional materials is operating.  It is the ratio of time an instructional material is busy (working) divided by the time it is available. According to Uwaifo(2009)  Utilization of instructional materials involves making teaching and learning of subjects more practical and effective. Utilization of instructional materials gives correct representation to the abstract ideas, thereby making their meanings clearer.  Proper utilization of instructional facilities serves a useful purpose in promoting understanding to concept and principles of business subjects.

According to Okoro (2005), the assessment and evaluation of instructional materials are usually carried out in two ways: through the recommendation by teachers and through standards – prescribed by government, examination bodies etc.  Teachers know when instructional materials required for their courses are adequate or inadequate.  They know the extent of the deficiency and could say what must be provided if their teaching is to be effectively carried out.  The government and examination bodies may also recommend certain levels of instructional materials for effective teaching of various courses. Such prescribed standards can be the basis for assessment. Where the standard is not available the teachers and the principal can give reliable information on the availability and utilization of the materials. However, the teachers information as per the utilization and availability of the materials may be more reliable because they are directly involved in the utilization of the materials, therefore assessment is any bases of measurement against a standard. Business education teachers should be involved in the generation of instructional materials available and utilized.

Business education teachers comprises of teachers and instructors that are teaching in secondary schools  Njoku (2004) states that a business education teachers is a person who holds a degree in business education from a recognized University or an NCE (Nigerian Certificate of Education). The author further stated that holders of NCE from the recognized colleges of education in business education are competent to teach business subject programme. In the same vein, Osuala (2009) viewed business education teacher as a person who has undergone a 4- year programme in a reputable university or 3- year programme through NCE and has been certified as competent for the award of Bachelor’s degree/NCE in business education after meeting the requirements of the institution and the department (Njoku, 2008). The author added that any person who has obtained a degree or a professional certification in areas such as accountancy, marketing and office technology and management and also obtained a post-graduate certificate in educational foundations and pedagogy clearly qualified as a business education teacher. Business education teachers play important role in the teaching and learning of business education subject as they are professionally equipped to impart manipulation skills to the learners for employment. It is therefore important that the business teacher should be conversant with different instructional materials and strategies. The variety of instructional materials and strategies available for utilization by business teachers indicate that business teachers have preference for certain materials over other in teaching and learning processes.

Teaching is the process where an expert, a more experienced person with more knowledge and skill assists a less experience or knowledgeable individual to gain knowledge and experience, Onwuka (2005) viewed teaching as a process of making impression on passive students, hammering in the facts. The preoccupation of teachers involved in this method is to hand over to the students whatever the teachers themselves received from others. This conception of teaching was based on the misconception that the students’ heads were empty and blank. The teacher’s role then was to fill the empty heads with facts irrespective of whether they are relevant, understood by the students. It is an attempt to bring about desirable changes in the learner’s behavior and it reflects the expected behaviour needed in improving on the learner and the society where he lives.

For the fact that business education subject are more of practical than theoretical, they should be taught practically. The Comparative Education Study and Adaptation Centre, CESAC (2009) committee on business subjects gave a very serious consideration to the use of materials and equipment for teaching and learning of the subjects. Some of the equipment and materials that CESAC considered as basic for enhancing teaching and learning of business subjects include: typewriters, stapling machines, alarm-clock, perforators, stopwatches, tape recorders, file jackets, ruled chalk board and others. The use of these materials in instructional delivery will improve students’ learning and achievement.

Frender (2000) defines learning as changes in perception; knowledge of an individual, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills is generally regarded as a constructive activity such as working-memory capacity and general knowledge.  Gibbs (2002) suggests that learning is much more an evolutionary, sense making, experimental process of development than simple acquisition. Therefore, learning is a process which causes a change in behaviour of an individual. Teachers should endeavour to teach their students how to learn. Adesina (2008) asserted that the quality of education that children receive bears direct relevance to utilization of instructional facilities, which include teaching aids and the overall atmosphere in which learning takes place.

Unfortunately the present state of materials there is nothing to write home about their materials are obsolete that is, not matching with the current development the little ones available are not utilized because some materials lose some component to make it functional. The teachers having attended difference schools and colleges so they posses difference experiences and knowledge, so due to invariably have direct effect on the utilization of the materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools this is projected to student in Enugu State.

According to Obi (2008) observed that many schools are unable to teach business education subject due to inadequate business education teachers and equipment. The poor performance of students in business education subject as lamented by Odoh (2001) that their deterioration in students’ achievement must have been due to the non- utilization of instructional materials in classroom, therefore it become necessary the assessment of utilization of instructional materials for teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools in Enugu education zone of Enugu State.

Helen (2009) asserted that instructional materials are used in teaching skills, presenting a visual description and changing attitudes.  Similarly, Ogunmilade (2004) opined that teaching aids can help to present ideas, facts and information. The author also argued that teaching aids can stimulate interest and arouse the enthusiasm of learners and they can impress pictures and images vividly in their minds and memory of the learners.  Therefore, teachers should not be afraid to improvise their own instructional materials in order to teach effectively (Okeke, 1990).  Instructional materials in the classroom can be classified into two broad categories.  The types that appeal to the sense of sight are classified as visual materials and those that appeal to the sense of hearing are classified as audio materials.  The ones that combine both the senses of sight and hearing are classified as audio-visual materials.

Audio materials include the radio and the tape recorded materials.  In Nigeria, the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) broadcast education programmes.  Many schools integrate these programmes into the classroom lessons.  The advantages of the audio materials include: saving manpower as one teacher can teach several classes at the same time, saving time as the message is fast in getting to the audience.  However, the disadvantages are that the teacher is not seen during radio lessons and the learners do not always have the time to ask questions since the teacher is not usually seen.  The audio materials cannot handle practical and physical skill-oriented lessons (Unachukwu, 2000).

On the other hand, the visual materials are pictures, objects, specimens, textbooks, and other printed materials.  Chalkboard, projected materials, charts, posters and diagrams.  The visual materials can further be classified as: three dimensional which include specimen, models, and mock-ups.  The other class of visual materials is the printed materials which include newspapers, magazines, journals, pamphlets, and textbooks.  The third class is the projected materials like slides films, film-strips and overhead projectors.

Visual materials have some advantages in teaching and learning processes, according to Unachukwu (2003) over 80% of what is learnt is through the sense of vision with regard to the printed materials like textbooks which are standard books which students use for particular subjects have the following advantages:  textbooks help in individualizing instruction by allowing the learners to move at their own speed.  It allows them to select topics of their interest and need (Ofoegbu, 2002).  According to Brown, Lewis and

Harcleroad (2007) textbooks are regarded as helpful in improving the teacher skills (especially through teachers’ manual and notes), and in suggesting ways to handle instructional problems, its disadvantages are its expensive and time consume. Going by the above therefore, one can see clearly the importance of instructional materials and that lack of it could lead to poor performance, poor motivation of students which tends to make them loose interest in business education subject. In the light of the above, this study focused on assessment of utilization of instructional materials for teaching and learning of Business Education Subject in Secondary School in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State.

Statement of the Problem

The Nigerian national curriculum for secondary schools (2007) recognized Business subjects as one of the basic subjects which shall be taught to students to enable them acquire prevocational skills for further knowledge and skills. The subject provides practical skills for occupational purposes by enabling students to acquire basic knowledge of business skills, develop basic skills in office occupation and for personal use. Therefore, the subject prepares students for further training in business subjects and provide orientation to entrant to a life of work. One of the major requirements for realizing the lofty goals of the National Policy on education through Basic education is the effective teaching and learning of the subject components. This requires that teachers have knowledge, understanding and mastery of the subject matter on one hand and the pedagogical skills of transmitting such knowledge and skills to their students.

Unfortunately the present states of instructional materials are nothing to write home about, some of these instructional materials are obsolete that is not matching with the current development, the little ones available are not utilized because some materials lose their component to make it functional. The teachers having attended difference schools and colleges so they posses difference experiences and knowledge, so invariably have direct effect on the utilization of the materials in teaching and learning of business education subjects in secondary schools this is projected to student in Enugu State.

According to Obi (2008) observed that many schools are unable to teach business education subject due to inadequate business education teachers and equipment. The poor performance of students in business education subject as lamented by Odoh (2001) that their deterioration in students’ achievement must have been due to the non- utilization of instructional materials in classroom, therefore it become necessary the assessment of utilization of instructional materials for teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools in Enugu education zone of Enugu State

Purpose of the Study

The major purpose of this study is to assess the utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools in Enugu Education zone of Enugu State. Specifically, the study seeks to assess the:

1. Extent of availability of instructional materials utilization in teaching and learning of business education subject in Enugu education zone.
2. Extent of teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in Enugu education zone.
3. challenges to teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in Enugu education zone.
4. strategies for enhancing teacher utilization of the instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in Enugu education zone.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study will be of immense benefit to the behavioural theory, ministry of education, business education teachers, students, researchers, society and curriculum planners.

  The theoretical significance of this study will enhance the Classical Behavioural Theory of E.L. Thorndike on which the study hinges. This theory states that bonds are strengthened by the same stimulus and response repeatedly occurring together. The use of the instructional materials in the teaching and learning of business education subjects would stimulate the interest of students and improve the academic achievement of the students in the subjects.

The outcome of this study would be beneficial to the government in planning and decision making. It would help in policy formulation, implementation, evaluation and reformation. The findings of study will reveal to the government the instructional materials needed for effective teaching and learning of business subjects. Government would use the outcome of this study to design an effective training package for teachers as it concerns the utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business subjects in secondary schools. The knowledge of the findings would also help government to provide adequate instructional materials for the teaching and learning of business education subject in the schools.

The finding of this study will also be beneficial to the business education teachers. The study would reveal appropriate teaching materials that could improve the teachers’ effectiveness as well as ways to improve the utilization of instructional materials for the teaching and learning of business subjects. It is hoped that the teachers will employ them; thereby improving the teaching of business subjects by utilizing appropriate materials in the classroom. Through the findings of the study, the teachers would seek professional development in the use of the instructional materials in their learning.

Business education students would also benefit from the findings of this study. The findings of the study would help the students the benefit from the effective utilization of the instructional materials that will follow from the adoption of the strategies identified from the study while the teachers would from the findings adopt effective strategies for utilizing the instructional materials in their teaching, the students would understand the lesson better and also use the instructional materials well during their private learning and peer tutoring.

The society would also benefit from the result of the study the youth be occupied when the knowledge and skills gained by the students. . When the students acquire functional and saleable skills, the issue of unemployment would be reduced to the barest minimum and every individual would be useful to himself and to the society. The students would become self reliant and gain employment after graduation. This will improve the economy of the society.

Curriculum planners will also benefit from the result of this study. The curriculum planners would obtain the necessary information which will help to improve the business education syllabus. It is hoped that the result of the study would assist the curriculum planners in the review and update of business education curriculum especially in relation to the instructional materials and their usage.

The findings of this study will serve as a guide to researchers who would want to conduct further study on the effectiveness of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subjects in secondary schools. The findings of the study would provide reference materials to future researchers in business education teaching and learning.

Research Questions

The following research questions will guide the study:

1. What is the assessment of the availability of instructional materials utilization in teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools?
2. To what extent do teachers assess the utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in the secondary schools?
3. What is the assessment of the challenges facing teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in the secondary schools?
4. What is the assessment of strategies for enhancing teachers’ utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in the secondary schools        

Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses formulated for the study will be tested at 0.05 level of significance:

Ho₁: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment of male and female Business education teachers  on extent of availability of  instructional material utilization in teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State.

Ho₂: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment of male and female business education teachers on the extent of teachers’ utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State.

Ho₃: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment of male and female business education teachers on the challenges facing teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State.

Ho₄: There is no significant difference between the mean score assessment of male and female business education teachers on the strategies for enhancing teachers utilization of instructional materials in teaching and learning of business education subject in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State.

Scope of the Study

The study is delimited to all the public secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State where business education subject is being thought.  The study will assess the utilization of instructional materials for teaching and learning of business education subject in senior secondary schools in Enugu Education Zone of Enugu State.

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Pages:  100

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

Abstract

This study was carried out to investigate the difficulties encountered by teachers in teaching financial accounting in secondary schools in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all the 31 financial accounting teachers in senior secondary schools in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. However, there was no sampling because the population was manageable. Four research questions were formulated to guide the study and validated by two expert (one from accounting education and one teachers from secondary school). 31 questionnaires with 20 items each were administered to the entire teachers and 30 questionnaires were retrieved. Data were collected and analyzed using mean statistics. The analysis shows among others that most students do not see instructional materials used in teaching if the class is overpopulated, teachers find it difficult to teach some topics when the class is overpopulated and teachers find it difficult to achieve class control when the class is overpopulated. On the basis of the findings, the researcher recommended among others that more classrooms be built in secondary schools to avoid the problem over overpopulation and enhance the teaching of financial accounting, teachers should endeavor to use instructional materials for effective teaching and learning of financial accounting.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

The goal of secondary education in Nigeria is to prepare the individual for useful living within the society and for higher education. According to the Federal Republic of Nigeria (2010), secondary education is the education children receive after primary school and before the tertiary stage. The secondary education is of two levels, the junior secondary level and the senior secondary level. The policy document states that the Senior Secondary School (SSS) shall be both vocational and academic in nature, and shall aim at preparing students for useful living within the society; providing high quality education students; equipping students to live effectively in this modern age of science and technology; raising a generation of people who can think for themselves; respect the view and feelings of others and dignity of labour and inspiring students with a desire for achievement and self-improvement both at school and in later life (FRN, 2010).

Financial accounting has been and will always be a very important subject in our secondary schools this is because of its role in equipping individuals with knowledge and skills, making them become employers of labour thereby reducing the rate of unemployment in the country. Any organization, no matter how small, be it a profit-making organization, a charitable organization or even a home deals with money, finds financial accounting most useful. Financial accounting is part of the Business Studies Curriculum in the group of Vocational Subjects. According to Peter (2010), financial accounting is the most popular subject that students offer among the vocational elective subjects.

Generally, financial accounting aims at providing specialized instruction to prepare

students for career in financial accounting field; fundamental instruction to help students assume their economic roles as consumers, workers and citizens, background instruction to assist students in preparing for other professional careers requiring advanced studies in financial accounting; and financial accounting skills for personal use in future. These objectives, according to Yusuf (2016), are geared towards making the students to appreciate the rules and functions of accounting, lay a sound foundation for further study in accounting at higher level and also assess candidates’ knowledge of basic accounting principles and their application to modern business activities.

Financial accounting is the process of recording, classifying, selecting, measuring, interpreting, summarizing and reporting financial data of an organization to the users for objective assessment and decision making (Asaolu, 2013). Accounting data are processed into accounting information through the use of accounting principles and conventions.

The accounting principles are known as “generally accepted accounting principles”. They are the fundamentals which guide accountants in recording, appreciating and assessing accounting information as well as the preparation and interpretation of financial statements. The accounting information system is proven, time honored, and its format is universally understood. Books of accounts prepared by accountants in one part of the world are easily understood by their counterparts in other parts of the world because, the information system is based on principles that are widely accepted and globally used.

Financial accounting teachers employ various instructional methods in the classroom to ensure effective teaching and learning.

Teaching is regarded as one of the oldest human activities or occupation. Some see it as an activity, a profession or occupation.

Teaching is the process of developing the cognitive, affective and psychomotor domains of or power of the learner through giving the learner knowledge of facts about subject matter, reinforcing or developing in the learner certain physical or manipulative skills (Akende, 2010).

According to Nkeje (2010), teaching is the process of guidance by which the learner is made to group ideas, facts and develop skills. It is the process of transmitting knowledge and skills to the learner.

Teaching can also be seen as a profession or an occupation. As a profession means one is trained to carry it out. As an occupation means something one does to earn a living. Not all those involved in teaching are professional, some do it to earn a living or as a stepping stone to a higher paid job.

Teaching involves series of planned activities which take place over time. The activities may be planned from simple to complex or in progressive manner for better understanding by the learner. In teaching and learning of financial accounting, many challenges are encountered by the teachers such as

Inadequate funding

Inadequate instructional materials

Poor School/classroom environment and

students’ attitude towards the subject.

Financial accounting is one of the various subjects in secondary schools suffer from poor funding. This is because it requires a lot of practical activities. There is therefore urgent need to ascertain the problems encountered by teachers in the teaching of financial accounting especially at the senior secondary school level.

Statement of the Problem            

Financial accounting plays a vital role in equipping students with business ideas in other to become entrepreneurs and employers of labour rather than job seekers. Despite the importance attached to financial accounting, the teaching of the subject has not been easy which many attribute it to different factors such as students’ attitude, lack of instructional materials, school environment and others. The truth is that when there is a problem or challenge as regard teaching, it affects learning and when learning is affected, it in turn affects educational system as a whole.

When the teaching is in one way or the other affected, the learning is also affected and when the two are affected, the aim of education is defeated. Over the years, there has been complains from the teachers on the difficulties they encounter in teaching financial accounting in secondary schools.

It is against the above that this study is carried out, to ascertain the difficulties encountered by teachers in teaching financial accounting in secondary schools in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to examine the difficulties encountered by teachers in teaching financial accounting in Secondary Schools in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. Specifically, the study is aimed at finding out:

1. The challenges faced by teachers when teaching financial accounting in overpopulated classrooms in secondary schools in Oshimili South.
2. The difficulties encountered by the teachers in getting instructional materials for teaching financial accounting in secondary schools in Oshimili South.
3. The difficulties encountered by financial accounting teachers when using conventional method in teaching financial accounting in secondary schools in Oshimili South.
4. How students’ attitude make the teaching of financial accounting difficult for teachers in secondary schools in Oshimili South.

Research Questions

The following questions were formulated to guide the study:

1. What are the challenges faced by teachers when teaching financial accounting in an overpopulated classroom in secondary schools in Oshimili South?
2. What are the difficulties encountered by the teachers in getting instructional materials for teaching financial accounting in secondary schools in Oshimili South?
3. What are the difficulties encountered by financial accounting teachers when using conventional method in teaching financial accounting in secondary schools in Oshimili South?
4. How does students’ attitude make the teaching of financial accounting difficult for teachers in secondary schools in Oshimili South?

Significance of the study

This study would be useful to teachers, students, government, other researchers, the field of financial accounting and educational system as a whole.

The study would help the teachers to understand how lack of instructional materials, students’ attitude, method of teaching, and class size affect the teaching of financial accounting in secondary schools in Oshimili South Local government area and apply the recommendations where necessary to make the teaching of financial accounting easier and interesting.

The findings of the study would also help the students to understand how their attitude affect the teaching of financial accounting and develop positive attitude towards the subject for better teaching and learning.

The findings and recommendations made by the researcher would go a long way in helping the government to find solutions to the problems of inadequate teaching materials in our schools to improve the quality of education in Oshimili South.

This study would serve as a reference to others researchers because it will help them in future research.

Finally, this study would contribute to the body of knowledge by adding to the existing literature in the field of financial accounting and educational system as a whole.

 Scope of the Study

This study focuses on the difficulties encountered by teachers in teaching of financial accounting in senior secondary schools in Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State. The study covers the following challenges: overpopulated classroom, instructional materials, use of conventional methods of teaching and students attitude towards financial accounting. Financial Accounting Teachers in Oshimili South Only were used for the study.

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Pages:  55

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

Abstract

This study was carried out to assess the methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal College of Education Asaba as perceived by lecturers. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of all the lecturers in Accounting Department of Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State. However, there was no sampling because the population was manageable. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study and 40 questionnaires with 15 items each were administered to the entire teacher (lecturers). Data were collected and analyzed using mean statistics. The analysis shows among that the methods of teaching accounting courses in colleges of education includes lecture method, demonstration method, discovery method and story-telling method, lecture, demonstration and story-telling methods of teaching are not effective because they are teacher-centered and time consuming, discovery method of teaching provide students opportunity to discover things themselves, using conventional methods of teaching to teach financial accounting makes the teaching uninteresting, lecturers have difficulty in using field trip and demonstration methods in teaching accounting courses because of the large number of students in the class and conventional methods of teaching makes students to lose interest in financial accounting. On the basis of the findings, the researcher recommended among others that innovative methods of teaching should be used by lecturers to enhance students understanding of what is been taught, management of institutions should ensure that plans are made every semester to take students on field trip to enable them see things with their eyes, lecturers should minimize the use of story-telling in teaching accounting courses to avoid wasting time on telling stories and students should be actively involved in the teaching learning process for better academic achievement.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Accounting education incorporates a package of instructional programmes designed to educate “would be” accounting teachers, to make them versatile and adaptable to any of the numerous roles they may be called upon to play after graduation (Anderson, 2013). Such education, among other things, seeks to develop concepts, rules, skills, procedures, theories and general knowledge for solving accounting problems.

It emphasizes the ability to differentiate and integrate alternative problem solving perspectives, the ability to identify accounting related information resources, the ability to structure solutions to problems and develop communication skills as well as the ability to analyze, and interpret problem situations and figure out lasting solutions (Anderson, 2010).

Financial accounting is part of the business education curriculum in the group of business education subjects. Accounting is very important to the Nigerian economy as it provides the basis for preparing future managers, entrepreneurs, accountants and financial controllers whose contribution cannot be overemphasized (Francis, 2014). Accounting goes beyond recording and keeping of business transaction, it also concerns record keeping system, preparation, analysis, and communication of financial information (Francis, 2014).

The importance of financial accounting cannot be over-emphasized. For effective teaching and learning of accounting in tertiary institutions and Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba in particular, conducive-environment, instructional facilities and effective method of teaching are needed.

Effective accounting education lays emphasis on skills acquisition and development of problem solving techniques.

Generally, financial accounting aims at providing specialized instruction to prepare students for career in financial accounting, fundamental instruction to help students assume their economic roles as consumers, workers and citizens, background instruction to assist students in preparing for other professional careers requiring advanced studies in financial accounting; and accounting skills for personal use in future.

Financial accounting is the process of recording, classifying, selecting, measuring, interpreting, summarizing and reporting financial data of an organization to the users for objective assessment and decision making (Asaolu, 2012). Financial accounting data are processed into accounting information through the use of accounting principles and conventions.

In teaching financial accounting, different methods are employed by teachers to ensure effective delivery of the lesson. Some of the methods used in teaching financial accounting are regarded as conventional methods which are not yielding the desired learning outcome. Method of teaching is one of the factors that either affect or promote teaching and learning.

Financial accounting teachers employ various instructional methods in the classroom. According to Cantrell (2009), teaching methods are in a continuum, ranging from exposition to inquiry. The Exposition method of teaching is conventional and widely used in the classroom. In addition, Cantrell (2009) reported the characteristics of exposition method to include the following: leader-centered, leader-active, learner passive and content emphasis. Examples of exposition method are lecture, discussion, traditional demonstration, guest speaker, panel discussion, story-telling, dramatization, reading of textbooks and manuals or handouts. The Inquiry method is an approach where the learner generates his/her own form of information and it is characterized by the following features: learner-centered, leader-facilitated, learner-active and learning process emphasis.

Teaching methods were techniques used by teachers to deliver materials to students, such techniques were teacher and student-centered approaches. Thus, a teaching method was a key factor that influenced student performance through learning process.  Monrel (2010) evidenced that one among the challenges observed in Secondary Development Plan phase one was poor teaching approaches in the classroom, mostly teacher cantered, with students relying heavily on the teacher and old notes, and classroom time often not being used efficiently and effectively for mental engagement of the students.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Method of teaching plays a vital role in ensuring that the set objectives are achieved. When the method used by a teacher does not bring about improvement in students’ performance, it becomes worrisome. The commonly used method of teaching financial accounting in tertiary institutions in Nigeria and colleges of education in particular is lecture method which though suitable for large class is not effective. This is evident in the performance of accounting students in colleges of education over the years. Method of teaching affect the effective delivery of lesson, the rate of understanding of the topic taught, students’ interest in the subject and students’ performance. This study therefore seeks to assess the methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba, Delta state as perceived by lecturers.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to assess the methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba Delta state as perceived by lecturers.

Specifically, the study seeks to:

1. Find out the various methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba.
2. Find out the effectiveness of methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba.

• Find out the challenges of using conventional methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions were formulated to guide the study:

1. What are the various methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba?
2. How effectiveness of methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba?

• What are the challenges of using conventional methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba?

1.5 Significance of the Study

This study could be useful to teachers, students, government and professional bodies.

The study could help the teachers to know the various methods of teaching financial accounting and their effects on students’ performance so as to be able to improve on their usage of different methods of teaching for better academic performance. It will also help the students to understand the challenges faced by teachers and do everything possible to ensure that they behave the way they supposed to for better teaching and learning.

The study could go a long way to help government to the effectiveness and challenges faced by teachers in using conventional methods of teaching and           help to train and re-train teachers on the use of different methods of teaching financial accounting.   Professional bodies would also benefit from the study because it will enable them to work with the government to ensure that further employment of teachers will be based on not just qualification but also the skills and methodology of teaching.

1.6 Scope of the Study                           

This study centered on the assessment of methods of teaching financial accounting in Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba Delta state as perceived by lecturers. With particular emphasis on the various of methods of teaching financial accounting, effectiveness of the methods of teaching financial accounting and the challenges of using conventional methods of teaching financial accounting Federal college of education (Technical) Asaba Delta state as perceived by lecturers.

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Pages:  50

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

Abstract

This study was carried out to ascertain the impact of e-learning on academic performance of primary school pupils in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of the three thousand and twenty (3020) primary four pupils (male and female) in all the 23 public primary schools in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State. Out of the 23 public primary schools in Oshimili North, 9 schools were randomly selected. In each school, one stream of primary 4 pupils was selected through balloting. A total of 135 pupils were sampled (Male and Female).  The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire, which was constructed by the researcher and validated by two experts, one in Primary Education Department and one in Educational Measurement and Evaluation. The corrections and suggestions made by the experts reflected on the final copies of the instrument. One hundred and thirty-five (135) copies of the questionnaire were administered to primary four pupils in the selected primary schools in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta by the researcher with the help of some teachers. One hundred and thirty (130) questionnaires returned and were used for analysis. Based on the analysis, the study found that e-learning technologies such as laptops, speakers, desktop computers, interactive whiteboard are available for enhancing pupils’ performance, the available e-learning technologies are accessible by teachers for enhancing pupils’ performance and use of e-learning technologies enhances pupils’ performance. On the basis of the findings, the study recommended that e-learning technologies should be made available to all primary schools in other to enhance pupils’ performance, school management should ensure that available e-learning technologies are accessible by both teachers and pupils and government through the ministry of power should ensure constant electricity supply.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

E-learning refers to a learning system that we can obtain through the internet using an electronic device. We also call it online learning or online education. The ‘E’ in E-learning stands for ‘Electronic.’ Hence, the original term ‘electronic learning.’ The term may also refer to a network that can provide knowledge and skills to one or more individuals. The network can provide the knowledge or skills either to everyone simultaneously or individually. E-learning is training provided via a computer or other digital device, allowing technology to facilitate learning anytime, anywhere.

E-learning refers to a learning system based on formalised teaching but with the help of electronic resources. While teaching can be based in or out of the classrooms, the use of computers and the Internet forms the major component of E-learning. E-learning can also be termed as a network enabled transfer of skills and knowledge, and the delivery of education is made to a large number of recipients at the               same        or       different       times.
However, with the rapid progress in technology and the advancement in learning systems, it is now embraced by the masses. The introduction of computers was the basis of this revolution and with the passage of time, as we get hooked to smartphones, tablets, etc, these devices now have an importance place in the classrooms for learning (Olaniyi, 2014). Books are gradually getting replaced by electronic educational materials like optical discs or pen drives. Knowledge can also be shared via the Internet, which is accessible 24/7, anywhere,                            anytime.
No doubt, it is equally important to take forward the concept of non-electronic teaching with the help of books and lectures, but the importance and effectiveness of technology-based learning cannot be taken lightly or ignored completely (Obed, 2016). It is believed that the human brain can easily remember and relate to what is seen and heard via moving pictures or videos. It has also been found that visuals, apart from holding the attention of the student, are also retained by the brain for longer periods. Various sectors, including agriculture, medicine, education, services, business, and government setups are adapting to the concept of E-learning which helps in the progress of a nation.

E-learning, also referred to as online learning or electronic learning, is the acquisition of knowledge which takes place through electronic technologies and media. In simple language, e-learning is defined as “learning that is enabled electronically”. Typically, e-learning is conducted on the Internet, where students can access their learning materials online at any place and time (Austin, 2015). E-Learning most often takes place in the form of online courses, online degrees, or online programs.

Online learning has numerous advantages over traditional learning methods. Some of these include the possibility for students to make use of self-paced learning and to choose their own learning environments. Additionally, e-learning is both cost-effective and cost-efficient, as it removes the geographical obstacles often associated with traditional classrooms and education.

Taking these benefits and many more into consideration, it becomes evident why the current trends in e-learning show remarkable growth for the industry.

With that being said, it must be noted that e-learning is not perfect. Conducting any of the various types of e-learning through the Internet means sacrifices in one way or another. Increased risk of cheating during assessments, social isolation, and lack of communicational skill development in online students are just some of the challenges of e-learning which need to be addressed.

Sarah (2017) defines e-learning as electronic media used for various learning purposes ranging from conventional classroom add-on functions to online substitution for face-to-face meetings with online encounters.

Robert (2016) defined E-learning as instructions delivered through digital devices with the intent of supporting learning.  Johnson (2015) defined e-learning as using information and communication technologies to for enabling access to online teaching and learning resources.  They added that e-learning as using Internet technologies for enhancing performance and knowledge.  It is a learning by utilizing electronic technologies for accessing educational curriculums outside of traditional classrooms.

In recent decades, the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for educational purposes has increased, and the spread of network technologies has caused e-learning practices to evolve significantly (Kahigi, 2018). However, any definition of e-learning must settle the issue of what is and what is not e-learning (Austin, 2015). The multiplicity of perspectives surrounding e-learning causes confusion and, sometimes, even contradictions (Obed, 2016). Not only have different concepts been attributed to e-learning, but the term has also been substituted by others, such as computer-based learning, technology-based training, and computer-based training, which actually predate the first mention of e-learning in the mid-1990s (Friesen, 2014) or the more recent online learning. Moreover, some people confuse the concept of e-learning with the concepts of a virtual campus or online courses, which can be part of the e-learning universe but do not sufficiently define it. The evolution of distance education, as a result of new technologies and the contributions of computer scientists to the field of education along with the conceptualization of education as a lifelong process, poses a major challenge for educational institutions: how to integrate these technologies into their organization and, especially, into their teaching. From simple occasional use of ICT to reinforce face-to-face teaching and learning to the use of virtual environments for courses conducted completely online according to a variety of educational models, the incorporation of ICT into the learning process is being achieved from very different perspectives and through an extensive range of formulas, albeit with one common denominator: the use of practices whose origin and pedagogical foundations lie in distance education. The discussion of the definition and practices of e-learning focuses on the intersection of education, teaching, and learning with ICT (Friesen, 2014). It is undoubtedly preceded by two other disciplines: educational technology and distance education. Both have significantly contributed to the intensive use of ICT for educational purposes, but neither can be strictly equated with e-learning. E-learning could also be considered a natural evolution of distance learning, which has always taken advantage of the latest tools to emerge in the context of technologies for structuring education. No doubt, e-learning has proven to be one of the best ways to prove teaching and learning. Hence the need to ascertain the impact of e-learning on academic performance of primary school pupils.

Statement of the Problem

Education is seen as a continuous process of imparting knowledge into an individual to enable him or her become useful to himself or herself. This requires a consistent system where transfer of knowledge will be continuous without any form of hindrance. However, the one-on-one teaching and learning seem to be hindered or affected by certain factors such as closedown of school as a result of outbreak of diseases and insecurity. For example, when the cases of corona virus increased, the government was left with no option but to lockdown the country for some months which greatly affected educational system.

The child seems to forget things learnt when not used for long time. When children are left out of school for a long period of time, it affects their academic performance. The only way forward is to introduce a system such as electronic learning where the children can learn without necessarily going to the school or having to meet one-on-one.

It is against the light of the above that this study is carried out to ascertain the impact of e-learning on academic performance of primary school pupils in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to ascertain the impact of e-learning on academic performance of primary school pupils in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State. Specifically, the study is aimed at ascertaining:

1. Kinds of E-learning technologies Available for enhancing pupils’ performance in Oshimili North.
2. Accessibility of the E-learning technologies for enhancing pupils’ performance in Oshimili North.
3. Impact of the use of e-learning on pupil’s academic performance in Oshimili North.
4. Challenges on the use of e-learning technologies for enhancing pupils performance in Oshimili North.

Research Questions

To effectively carryout the study, the following questions were raised:

1. What are the E-learning technologies Available for enhancing pupils’ performance in Oshimili North?
2. How accessible the available E-learning technologies for enhancing pupils’ performance in Oshimili North?
3. What are the impact of the use of e-learning on pupil’s academic performance in Oshimili North?
4. What are the challenges on the use of e-learning technologies for enhancing pupils performance in Oshimili North.

Significance of the Study

The study would be of benefit to pupils, teachers, government, researchers and the field of primary education.

The findings of the study would be beneficial to the pupils because it will enable them to understand the impact of e-learning in their academic performance which will help them to develop interest in using the e-learning platform.

It would also go a long way in helping the teachers to understand how e-learning contribute to the academic performance of pupils and the challenges of using e-learning at the primary school level. This will enable them work together with the relevant government agencies to ensure that the use of e-learning is made compulsory at the primary school level of education.

The findings of the study would also be a wake-up call to the government on the impact of e-learning on pupils’ academic performance and the challenges faced in using the platform. This will enable the government through the ministry of basic education to look for ways to tackle the challenges for the effective use of e-learning at the primary school level.

Finally, the study would add to the existing literature in the field of primary education which will also serve a refence material to researchers who may wish to carry out related study in this field.

Scope of the Study

This study is delimited to the impact of e-learning on academic performance of primary school pupils in Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State. With particular emphasis on the kinds of e-learning technologies, accessibility of the technologies, impact of the use of the technologies and the challenges on the use of e-learning technologies in primary schools.

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Pages:  50

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo                                     

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to ascertain the Impact funding on the performance of small scale industries in Asaba Urban. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of 150 small-scale industry owners in Asaba Urban while the sample of the study was sixty (60) small-scale industries owners in Asaba Urban, Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State drawn through simple random sampling technique to serve as the representative of the entire population. The instrument used for data collection is a structured questionnaire, which was structured by the researcher and validated by two experts; one from school of Business Education and one from Educational Measurement and Evaluation Departments of Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State. 60 copies of the validated instrument were administered on the selected small-scale industry owners in the study area by the researchers and two (2) research assistants; 56 items were retrieved and analyzed sing mean statistics. Based on the analysis, the study found among others that small scale industries play vital role in the socio-economic development of Asaba Urban and small scale industries encounter problems such as lack of finance, trained manpower, marketing, multiple taxation, poor management and government policies. On the basis of the findings, the study recommended among others that government should increase the funding of small scale industries to improve their performance, financial institutions should endeavor to give loans with little interest to small scale industries to better their service delivery and government should reduce the amount of taxes payed by small scale industries for maximum impact.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

The impact of small scale industries to any country whether developing or developed cannot be over emphasized. Small scale industries are considered to be one of the driving forces in economic development. They stimulate private ownership and entrepreneurship skills, they are feasible and can adapt to changing market demand, they supply situations, they generate employment, help diversify economic activities and also make significant contributions to export and trade. According to the guidelines for accessing credit facilities for small scale enterprises in Nigeria by Moruku (2017) “There is potential in small scale enterprises to create employment, reduce unemployment and poverty, utilize local raw materials, output expansion and transformation of indigenous technology, reduce intermediate goods, promote even development and reduce income inequalities.

The definition of Small scale industries varies from one scholar to another, one country to another and from one time to another in the same country. The word small can be subjective. A large corporation employing millions of people worldwide might see a local company with twenty thousand employees as small. Every business size is defined by the number of people it employ, the money it brings in and the industry in which it operate. To address the fact that size definition is complicated, the small business administration has developed strict standards for defining whether a business qualifies as a small enterprise. A small scale business is one marked by limited number of employees and a limited flow of finance and materials. Professor Bates (2017) defines small scale industries as “an industry having fewer than five hundred employees with a small size of distribution.

Taking a critical look at the small scale industries, it would be observed that what would be seen would embrace such things as: an industry with a labour size of eleven to one hundred workers and a total cost of fifty million naira including working capital and excluding cost of land. All these are put together to form a small scale industry and their impact cannot be over emphasized. Countries do not operate in vacuum, they rely on small scale industries for the utilization and transformation of local material. They help to reduce unemployment and poverty rate. The Oxford English Dictionary defines impact as the action of one object coming forcibly into contact with another of a strong effect (positive or negative) on somebody or something. Research impact is the good that researchers can do in the world, it consist of the non-academic benefits that arise whether directly or indirectly from research. Knowledge exchange is a precursor to impact, and this happens through learning, when the data and information from research becomes knowledge that people can benefit from or use. What we regard as funding, comes in form of financing a program or project but funding do not only come as finance but also as an act of providing resources (money, raw materials or other values) to finance a need, program or project.

There is hardly a country that has no desire for expansion and development, the major problem could be finance, lack of raw and material resources. This, in view of growing unemployment and indignity poverty inflicts on and threat to the survival of human kind, thus no effort should be spared in nurturing, supporting and sustaining small scale industries.

Statement of the Problem

It is well known that small scale industries have a huge impact on the economic development of any country, despite the fact that government growth with decreasing employment and providing a well-trained labour force have been pursed since the oil boom era, but often as we see that lack of funding of small scale industries and why is it so? In some cases, the small scale business owners are ignorant or not educated on government empowerment programs or the importance and use of fund in general and as such, they develop non-chalant attitude towards acquiring government fund or proper use of the funds given to them in expanding their business.

Finance not yielding profit could also happen, when these funds are not properly utilize or it could be based on people mentality that once the funds are given, it could be used for anything the business operator desires and they do not realize that expansion of business is more important. This shameful attitude towards poor granting or misuse of funds could lead to a lot ranging from lack of growth in business, lack of expansion and others.

Purpose of the Study

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of funding on the performance of small scale industries, thus helping developing and developed country for economic development.

1. To find out the roles of small scale industries in Asaba Urban.
2. To analyze the problems encounter in funding small scale industries in Asaba Urban.

• To identify the features as well as source of capital for small scale industries in Asaba Urban.

1. To enumerate the impact of small scale industries in terms of revenue generation in Asaba Urban.

Research questions

The following questions have being formulated to give insight to funding small scale industries and their performance:

1. What are the roles of small scale industries in Asaba Urban?
2. How does the government fund small scale industries in Asaba Urban?

• What are the problems of small scale industries in Asaba Urban?

1. What are the impact of small scale industries in Asaba Urban?

Significance of the study

This study intends to examine the impact of funding on the performance of small scale industries, the finding and recommendation of the study will help rectify the problems encounter in funding small scale industries. This research is also carried out so as to highlight the importance of funding small scale industries to promote economic development.

In completion of this study, it will enable the operators of small scale industries to see how important their activities are as regard to their operations. The study will help:

1. Commercial banks to access and appraisal the role in financing small scale industries.
2. Entrepreneurs to establish new and viable progress.

• Small scale industry operators to know how to access and use funds granted to them

1. Small scale enterpreneurs to know their impact in the economic development of the country where it operates
2. Serve as a source of reference or guide to future researchers who may want to replicate the study

Scope of the study

The scope of the study is to investigate the impact of funding on the performance of small scale industries. This research study would examine, explain and evaluate strategies in at resolving problems of funding small scale industries in Asaba Urban, Oshimili South Local Government Area of Delta State.

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Pages:  50

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo                                     

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to ascertain the effectiveness and usage of the E-learning technologies for enhancing accounting students’ performance in Federal college of education (technical) Asaba. The population of the study comprised of sixty-seven (67) 200level (NCE II) regular and twenty-one (21) 300level (NCE III) part-time students in accounting department of the Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State. Due to the manageable number of respondents, all the eighty-eight (88) students were used for the study. The instrument that used for data collection is a structured questionnaire, which was structured by the researcher and validated by two experts in Accounting Department of Federal College of Education (technical) Asaba for face and content validation. The corrections and suggestions made by the experts reflected on the final copies of the instrument.  The copies of the questionnaire items were administered to the students and teachers (lecturers) in accounting department of federal college of education (technical) Asaba, Delta State by the researcher with the help of 4 students and 81 instruments were retrieved and analyzed using mean statistics. Based on the analysis, it was found among others that e-learning technologies such as laptop, desktop, interactive whiteboard, and smart phones are available for enhancing accounting students’ performance, the available e-learning technologies are accessible by both lecturers and students for enhancing students’ performance and inadequate supply of electricity and lack of maintenance affects the use of e-learning technologies. On the basis of the findings, it was recommended among others that there should be constant electricity supply in the college to encourage the use of e-learning technologies, government should provide e-learning technologies to enhance students’ performance and there should be training and re-training of staff on the use of e-learning technologies.

 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the study

Electronic learning or e-learning as popularly called has been variously defined by different authors. Like the name sounds electronic learning is learning via electronic means. E-learning involves use of electronic media (The internet, DVD, CD-ROM, video tape, television, cell phones etc.) for teaching and learning at a distance.

E-learning is the use of technology to deliver solutions that enhance knowledge and performance. E-learning is an inclusive term that describes educational technology that electronically supports learning and teaching. It is a technological medium that assists in the communication of knowledge and its development and exchange, also e-learning includes multimedia learning. The participants enroll by sending e-mail to the instructor (lecturer/teacher). The instructor sends out learning materials by electronic means to each participant. Participants submit their assignment electronically to the instructor and receives corrections later. In this way E-learning is established.

E-learning was useful and utilized in some parts of Nigeria during the outbreak of the pandemic, (Covid 19) in 2020 a lot of schools in Nigeria started on-line learning because students could no longer go to the classrooms for lectures due to the lockdown. This was to reduce the spread of the deadly disease.

The Wikipedia (2012) refers to e-learning as the use of electronic media and information communication technologies (ICT) in education broadly speaking, it includes all forms of educational technology in teaching and learning, e-learning is synonymous to multimedia learning, technology enhance learning (TEL), computer based interaction (CBL), computer based training (CBT) computer assisted intrusion or Computer aided instruction (CAT), internet based training (IBT), web-based training (WBT), online education, virtual education, virtual learning environment (VTE) which is also called learning platforms and digital educational collaboration (DEC) E-learning has brought a lot of changes and innovations into various fields of educational institutes.

According to Johnson (2017), internet enhance positive impact and comprehensive learning packages. Obikaeze and onyechi (2011) defined e-learning as a formal and non-formal education that uses electronic delivery method such as internet based learning delivery packages, CD ROM, Online video conferencing, website or e-mail to manage the relationship between teachers and students. Azih and Nwosu (2011) define e-learning as a pertinent tool for effective teaching and learning. The use of e-learning technologies in teaching/learning of accounting education courses is very important (Ikpo, 2014).

Teaching and learning is a process that includes many variables. These variables interact as learners work towards their goals and incorporate new knowledge, behaviors and skills that add to their range of learning experiences.

Education is the best legacy a nation can give to her citizens especially the youths. This is because education is very important in the development of any nation or community. According to Ekwesili (2016), Education is what goes on from one generation to another generation. In this context, education is the process of socializing the child to grow up as a fulfilled member of the society through informal, formal and non-formal process.

According to Cambridge dictionary enhancing means the quality, amount or strength of something. Wikipedia defined effectiveness as the capability of producing a desired result or the ability to produce desired output.

Accounting concepts refers to the basic assumptions rules and principles which works as the basis of recording of business transactions and preparing accounts. Accounting concepts such as Business entity concept; Money measurement concept; Going concern concept; Accounting period concept; Accounting cost concept; Realization concept; Matching concept. Etc.

Accounting is the process of recording financial transactions pertaining to the business. Accounting process includes summarizing, analyzing and reporting these transactions to oversight agencies, regulators and tax collection entities.

Accounting is one of the key functions for almost any business. It may be handled by a bookkeeper or an accountant. Accounting is the process of financial information about a business, organization or individual is recorded, classified, summarized, interpreted and communicated. Drawing from field such as information technology, law, statistics, business and economics, accounting is a multi-disciplinary subject that focuses on organization of individuals’ economic activities.

Accounting students are learners that are trained to gain advanced theoretical and practical knowledge of accounting and finance, master computational and calculation skills and techniques used in professional accounting practice and gain a broad understanding of the accounting finance and commercial sectors, often within an international context.

According to Akande in Dimbisso (2017), academic performance refers to a successful accomplishment or performance in a particular subject and is indicated by grades, marks and scores of descriptive commenaries (Dimbisso 2017), says that academic performance refers to how students deal with their studies and how to cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers in a fixed time or academic year.

Knowledge may be defined as a collection of information or skills acquired through experience (Practical understanding) or education (theoretical understanding).

Technology is the making, modification, usage and knowledge of tools, machine techniques, crafts, system and method of organization in order to solve a problem, improve a per-existing solution to a problem, achieve a goal, handle or perform a specific function. Technology has been the major aspect to drive this concept of e-learning. Technology has affected the society and its surroundings in a number of ways. New technologies should be introduced into accounting education program to enhance account students’ performance verme (2014). Some of the methods that can make e-learning effective in order to enhance accounting students’ performance are:

• Organizing e-learning training and re-training program for accounting teachers
• Provision of automatic alternative source of electricity
• Adequately subsidizing teachers and encouraging students to own personal computers, laptops or smartphones
• Periodically evaluating accounting teachers on the extent of the utilization of e-learning.
• Adequate provision of e-learning facilities and infrastructures.

Technology used for the methods of E-learning can be classed into; audio visual and audio technologies

Audio visual technologies according to Clegg (2014) is the electronic media possessing both sounds and visual components such as slide tape presentations, films, television programs, corporate conferencing and live theatre productions. Audio has to do with listening to a material or learning via listening. Examples of audio and audio visual gadget are phones, laptops, projectors, desktops, radio, television etc.

Statement of the problem

The facilities available in most tertiary institutions (school) are not adequate to enhance students learning and performances. This becomes a struggle for students to cope and grow. Performance is vital because the level of success students achieve from the school as far- reaching implications for their personal and professional lives (Grainen 2015).

The availability of teachers that are technologically vast in most tertiary institutions are not enough in enhancing students’ performance. Therefore, one of the key obstacle for e-learning implementations includes lack of information technology inclined teachers.

Some of the e-learning technologies available for teaching and learning in higher institutions according to Robert (2016) are projectors, computers, interactive board and wifi network. Ronald (2016) also found that technologies like desktop, laptop, projectors and printers are available for e-learning in higher institutions.

The use of these technologies according to Robert (2016) are inadequate electricity supply lack of trained personnel, poor connectivity and maintenance.

This study therefore seeks to investigate the effective use of E-learning technologies for enhancing accounting students’ performance in Federal College of Education (Technical), Asaba.

Purpose of study

The general purpose of this study is to establish the impact of the effective use of E-learning technologies on accounting students. This study will:

1. Determine the extent to which e-learning technologies are available for use by teachers to enhance accounting students’ performance in FCE (T) Asaba.
2. To find out the extent of accessibility of available e-learning technologies by teachers for enhancing accounting students’ performance in FCE (T) Asaba.
3. To find out the major challenges on the use of e-learning technologies for enhancing accounting students, performance in FCE (T) Asaba.

Research questions

The following research questions were raised to guide the study:

1. To what extent are e-learning technologies available for use by teachers to enhance accounting students’ performance in FCE (T) Asaba?
2. To what extend are e-learning technologies accessible by teachers for enhancing accounting students’ performance in FCE (T) Asaba?
3. What are the major challenges on the use of e-learning technologies for enhancing accounting students, performance in FCE (T) Asaba?

Significance of the study

The finding of the study would be of great benefit to the students, teachers, school administrators and other researchers.

The findings could be of benefit to the students in the sense that it will help to promote pride in their schools, stimulate their interest in technological skills and improve their learning conditions. This is because E-learning has no age restrictions therefore carries all learners along.

The findings could enable the teachers to appreciate the need for E-learning. It could improve teachers’ knowledge on the usage of electronic learning facilities and how to use certain websites and Apps on the phones as well as other gadgets as a means of a “Virtual Classroom”. It will also help them learn the skills necessary for using this E-learning technological gadgets.

The findings of the study could help the school administrators to know the importance of E-learning technology and also ensure that these facilities are available for both the teachers and students.

Other researcher could benefit from this study because it would serve as a reference material when carrying out a similar study or modifying this present one as the case maybe.

Scope of the study

The scope of this study is the effectiveness and usage of the E-learning technologies for enhancing accounting students’ performance in Federal college of education (technical) Asaba.

This study is delimited to e-learning technology available for use, e-learning technologies accessibility and challenges on the use of e-learning technologies. This study covered only Accounting Education students and it is being carried out in Federal college of education (technical), Asaba.

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Pages:  50

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo                                     

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

 

 

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the influence of inadequate funding on the teaching of social studies in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government Area of Anambra State. The population of the study was one hundred (100) primary school teachers while the sample of the study was sixty (60) primary school teachers drawn through simple random sampling technique. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The instrument used for collecting data was a structured questionnaire which was constructed by the researcher and validated by two experts (one from primary education department and one from measurement and evaluation). Three research questions were raised to guide the study and 60 questionnaires with 15 items each were administered on the selected teachers. The data collected were analyzed using mean statistics.  Based on the analysis the study discovered that inadequate funding has a negative influence on the supply of instructional materials for teaching social studies in primary schools, inadequate funding has a huge influence on the creation of conducive classroom environment for teaching social studies in primary schools and inadequate funding greatly influence the effective delivery of social studies lessons by the teachers in primary schools. On the basis of the findings, the study recommended among others that government should as the matter of necessity improve the funding of primary schools for effective teaching of social studies, government should make funds available for building more classrooms in primary schools to reduce overpopulation in classrooms and schools should encourage the teachers by making instructional materials for teaching social studies in primary schools.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

 Background to the Study

Social studies as a subject is concerned with man’s way of life. It examines the way man lives and interacts with his social and physical environment”. The use of the available knowledge, skills, tools and technology may aid his interaction. It is important to note that man lives in the society of other human beings. As a rational being, man according to Akpabio (2015) needs the company, affection, protection, approval and attention of other human being for his comfort. At the same time, society demands the loyalty, cooperation and knowledge of its members in order to ensure development and continued survival of the society.        Furthermore, man lives in a physical environment or territory. He interacts with the resources of the physical environment to meet his need for water, food, clothing, shelter, exercise, sleep and rest. In order to interact successfully for the purpose of meeting his social and physical needs. Man, as a general rule uses the knowledge, the ideas, the material objects that his society possesses. Social Studies is not only a way of life, it studies how man influenced by his physical, social, political, economic, psychological and cultural environment.

Uzoagulu (2016) observes that social studies is one of the social sciences disciplines which studies man as he interacts with his fellow men and with his environment. The content of social studies, therefore, is man and his actions. Social Studies has come to be accepted as “a school subject that should assist students to acquire the basic knowledge, skills and positive attitudes needed to be responsible citizens and contributing members of society”. National development remains a challenge that preoccupies all nations of the world that aspire for greatness. Social Studies Education touches on all aspects of societal development; be it political, economic, social, cultural, technological or educational. In Nigerian context, the goals of Social Studies curriculum design is aimed at building a sound and balanced mind as a foundation for functional social education directed towards the development of intelligent, responsible and self-directing citizen. Integrating and dispensing social knowledge through the instrumentality of Social Studies curriculum design in Nigerian schools is directed towards the following objectives:  Self-confidence and initiatives; Power of imagination and resourcefulness; desire for knowledge and continued learning; sense of compassion for the less fortunate; Sense of respect for and tolerance of the opinion of others; Social values and attitudes such as: cooperation; participation; interdependence; open-mindedness; honesty; integrity; trustworthiness; diligence and obedience. A spirit of national consciousness and patriotism (Adesina, 2017) These are considered necessary for sound Social Studies education and functional citizenship education. Towards achieving these basic goals, the subject is design to:

1) provides insights into the use of various knowledge structure and procedure from the social sciences that has relevance in modern civilizations; 2) be concerned with fostering students better understanding of the movements, events and personalities that have influence the history of their immediate environment and the wider world as a global community; 3) foster and improve human relations through a better understanding of others within the immediate environment and beyond.

The provisions and objectives set for the accomplishment of social goals are worthwhile enough to achieve the set goals. The objectives are laudable enough to bring about a worthwhile end. The values emphasized in the current curriculum of social studies are those ones which are important to get across the school children. With the values and attitudes for survival, aimed at in this national guide, it is hopeful that students at the end of the courses should be able to develop the right type of attitude and learn more about their society and others of the right type of value that needs to be imbibed.

Physical facilities play important role in teaching and learning especially at the primary school age when the sense of imagination is still premature. The availability of adequate school building, classrooms, chairs and other facilities are necessary to the attainment of objectives of an educational system. However, the increase in primary school enrolment does not have corresponding increase in infrastructural development in the primary schools. A common scene at the primary school environment is that of half completed or dilapidated and overcrowded classrooms lacking basic equipment and facilities with unsightly and unhygienic toilet which can be traced to lack of funding (Asiabaka & Mbakwem, 2015).

According to Egwu (2018), some challenges facing primary education in Nigeria include the huge disparity between expected school enrolment and the actual enrolment figure. This leads to difficulties in accurately planning and allocating human, material and financial resources adequately to the various primary schools in the country. Poor management of information in terms of gathering accurate data, recording and retrieval of data leads to conflicting statistics about the number of enrolled pupils and new applicants in the system.          Similarly, Obiadi (2014), also indicated that poor implementation strategy, management and lack of assurance as responsible factors that contributed to the failure of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) to attain its goals since its inception more than 10 years ago. Other predicaments include financial problems in terms of misappropriation and embezzlement of funds, and financial crimes of all sorts being perpetuated by those in authority. As a result, there is an absence of adequate financial resources to implement programmes and policies that will promote this level of education. Also incompetence on the part of some teachers and head-teachers leads to poor quality assurance, delivery, supervision in the system. Other challenges include educational wastage inform of truancy, high dropout rate, attrition, and repetition.

It is evident that these problems persist in most States of the Federation despite efforts of the government at ameliorate some of these difficulties. However, Alaba (2016) makes the following observations from a research conducted thus – primary schools in the Western part of Nigeria have good conditions for teaching and learning, and there are spacious and conducive classrooms for both teachers and students. Also, the teaching standard was of good quality, after the assessment of the lesson notes of teachers in selected primary schools. But unfortunately, the results obtained from classroom test administered to the students revealed that they were of poor quality and students performed badly. This was because of inappropriate and inadequate test administered and high absenteeism. All these problems prevent the primary education level from attaining the heights that it is required to attain which in turn affect the teaching of social studies at the primary school level.

There is therefore an urgent need to look into the impact of inadequate funding in the teaching of social studies in primary schools.

 Statement of the Problem

Funding plays a vital role in teaching and learning at any level of education particularly in primary school and teaching of social studies in particular.

Social studies is one of the key subjects in primary schools which require resources to effectively teach it. According to Olatunde (2017), funding plays significant role in teaching and learning because basically all the resources needed for effective teaching and learning requires funds to purchase them.

Unfortunately, there has been a problem of inappropriate funding of primary education which has affected the entire teaching and learning particularly the teaching of social studies. Many factors affect the teaching of social studies which includes but not limited to poor classroom environment, lack of qualified teachers, method of teaching and poor funding. Adesina (2015) explained that students have been found to perform poorly in Social Studies over the years using the yearly results of students of Social Studies to support his assertion. There have been complaints on this poor performance both from Social Studies teachers, the Social Studies Associations of Nigeria. And the National Teachers Institute. Adesina further explained that from his personal interaction with many students, it is the general feeling that most students feel inadequate in this subject area and often complain that it is complex and difficult to understand. This feeling seems to have justification in poor academic performance of these students as evidenced by the increased in failure rate recorded in annual promotion examinations. The situation calls for concern because the implication is that the students cannot retain relevant knowledge in the subject area necessary for successful academic performance and participation as members of the society.  Other problems that face the teaching of Social Studies in schools include the problem of getting current textbooks and teaching resources, inability of students to have financial backing to provide for themselves for the materials needed for effective learning, the problem of getting qualified teachers to teach Social Studies and the inability of practicing teachers to refresh their memories using seminars, conferences, symposia, Workshop and other relevant academic gatherings. On the basis of the above, this study was carried to find out how inadequate funding influence the teaching of social studies in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state Local Government Area of Anambra state.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the influence of inadequate funding on the teaching of social studies in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state Local Government Area of Anambra state. Specifically, the study is aimed at finding out:

1. The influence of inadequate funding on the supply of instructional materials for teaching social studies in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state.
2. The influence of inadequate funding on the creation of conducive environment for teaching social studies in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state.
3. The influence of inadequate funding on effective delivery of social studies lessons by the teachers in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state.

 Research Questions                                                 

The following questions were formulated to guide the study:

1. What are the influence of inadequate funding on the supply of instructional materials for teaching social studies in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state local government?
2. What are the influence of inadequate funding on the creation of conducive classroom environment for teaching social studies in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state local government?

• What are the influence of inadequate funding on the effective delivery of social studies lessons by the teachers in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state?

Significance of the Study

The research will be useful to teachers, government, pupils, society and professional body like Social Studies Association of Nigeria.

The findings of the study will go a long way in helping teachers to understand how lack of inadequate funding affect the provision of teaching aids and work closely with government to resolve the issue.

The study would also be of help to the government in that it will help to point out how lack of appropriate funding affects the teaching of social studies in primary schools and help them through the recommendations come up with strategies to improve on the funding of primary education and educational sector as a whole. Finally, the findings of the study will be a wakeup call to Social Studies Association of Nigeria to stand up and work with the government by giving the necessary advice on how to improve the funding of primary schools for effective teaching of social studies and other subjects.

Scope of the Study

This study is limited to the influence of inadequate funding on the teaching of social studies in primary schools in Onitsha South Local Government of Anambra state Local Government Area of Anambra state. The study covered 10 primary schools in the Local.

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Pages:  55

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to investigate the factors inhibiting the operation of small scale industries in Onitsha South Local Government Area of Anambra State. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The population of the study comprised of 150 small-scale industry owners in Onitsha South Local Government Area of Anambra State while the sample of the study was 60 small scale. Three research questions were raised to guide the study. The instrument used for data collection was a structured questionnaire which was developed by the researcher and validated by two experts; one in Measurement and Evaluation and one in Accounting Education Department of Federal College of Education (Tech) Asaba. To ensure that the instrument is valid, a pilot study was carried out on ten (10) small scale industry owners in Idemmili South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Data was collected and analyzed using Pearson product moment correlation to estimate the reliability 60 copies of the validated questionnaires were administered to the small scale industry owners in Aniocha South and 56 questionnaires returned and analyzed. Based on the analysis, the study found that government policy on taxation and spending affect the operation of small scale industries; government policy on granting loans to small scale industries hinders access to financing; bank policies and multiple tax affect the operation of small scale industries. On the basis of the findings, the researcher recommended among others that small scale industries should ensure that they have the needed facilities to improve their access to finance, government and banks should make policies that will encourage financial institutions to finance small scale industries.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study  

Industrial development involves development of a technical arrangement that moves an economy from the traditional method of production to a more complex system of mass manufacturing of variety of goods and services involving technology and management techniques. Industrialization tends to propel growth and achievement of structural transformation and diversification of economy. It provides employment for a substantial proportion of the industrial establishment.

The Nigeria Bank was established to provide among others financial services to the indigenous business community, especially small scale industries. The recommendation of the financial system review committee of 1976 government made bank the apex financial institution for small-scale business (Joseph, 2017). The bank obtains fund from the federal government to assist small business and the loan granted are relating on soft terms. During the 1970s and 1980 banks promoted soft loans and advisory services of operational and liquidity problems attributed to reduced government funding and poor loans repayment by small scale industries.

Small scale industries (SSI) are those industries in which manufacturing, providing services, productions are done on a small scale or micro scale. Small scale industries play an important role in social and economic development of Nigeria (Fabayo,2015). These industries do a one-time investment in machinery, plants, and industries which could be on an ownership basis, hire purchase or lease basis. The small business sector is recognized as an integral component of economic development and a crucial element in the effort to lift countries out of poverty.  Small- Scale industries are driving force for economic growth, job creation, and poverty reduction in developing countries. They have been the means through which accelerated economic growth and rapid industrialization have been achieved. Furthermore, small scale business has been recognized as a feeder service to large- scale industries.

The Central Bank of Nigeria defines a small-scale industry as one that has an annual turnover not exceeding N500, 000.  The World Bank on the other hand says that small scale industry is one with total capital outlay of N100000 to N2 million (Excluding land) (Akabueze, 2015).

The importance of small-scale industries to the survival of a nation cannot be overemphasized. It provides employment for the populace thereby reducing the rate of unemployment in the country. Small scale industries depend on funds to effectively operate. When the funds seem to be unavailable, it affects the effectiveness of the industries. The role small and medium scale industries play in a developing economy is so vast and enormous that they cannot ordinarily be relegated to the background. They have contributed greatly to the gross domestic product of the county over the years. To build a truly indigenized economy, Nigeria will learn to rely on her industries (Onugu, 2016).. The government have actually realized the importance of those forms of business industries by previous policies being made but the implementation of these polices is a thing of great concern (Joseph, 2017).

Due to the importance of these small and medium scale industries in developing nations, viable avenues for financing these industries therefore have to be a priority to keep them productive all time to prevent them from being insolvent and subsequent wining up.

While the contributions of small businesses to development are generally acknowledged, entrepreneurs in this sector face many obstacles that limit their long-term survival and development.  Scholars have indicated that starting a business is a risky venture and warn that the chances of small-business owners making it past the five-year mark are very rear. Some researches into small-business development have also shown that the rate of failure of small scale businesses in developing countries is higher than in the developed world.  Akabueze, (2015) stated that it would seem reasonable to expect that small businesses would grow and flourish, but the rate of business failure continues to increase because of the obstacles affecting business performance which include: lack of financial resources, lack of management experience, poor location, laws and regulations, general economic conditions, as well as critical factors such as poor infrastructure, corruption, low demand for products and services, and poverty. Others include: shortage of raw materials, multiple taxation, inadequate production facilities, problem to inappropriate time or delay in budget implementation as factor constraining investment and trade decision making, obtaining finance, inadequate competent personnel, inability to control costs and problems of dumping of cheap foreign products and others.

Statement of the Problem

The role of Small Scale industries cannot be overemphasized because it contributes immensely to national growth and development. While the contributions of small businesses to development are generally acknowledged, entrepreneurs in this sector face many obstacles that limit their long-term survival and development. Some of the difficulties or factors affecting the operation of small-scale industries are the government policies and bank policies. Small-scale businesses find it difficult to obtain loan from commercial and microfinance banks which has drastically reduced their impact on providing employment in the country.

Many small scale industries are struggling to pay their workers, pay taxes and increase their production capacity. Some even had to sack some of their workers because they can no longer pay salaries rendering those workers jobless thereby increasing the rate of unemployment in the country.  Hence the need to ascertain the factors inhibiting the operation of small scale industries in Onitsha South Local Government Area of Anambra State.

Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to ascertain the factors inhibiting the operation of small scale industries in Onitsha South Local Government Area of Anambra State. Specifically, the study is designed to find out:

1. The effect of government policies on the operation of Small Scale Industries in Onitsha South.
2. The effect of bank policies on the operation of Small Scale Industries in Onitsha South.
3. The effect of multiple taxation on the operation of Small Scale Industries in Onitsha South.

Research Questions

To effectively carry out the study, the following research questions were raised:

1. How does government policies affect the operation of Small Scale Industries in Onitsha South?
2. How does bank policies affect the operation of Small Scale Industries in Onitsha South?
3. How does multiple taxation affect the operation of Small Scale Industries in Onitsha South?

Significance of the Study

The study could be useful to the small-scale business owners, the government, banks and field of business education.

The study could assist the small-scale business owners to know the factors that hinder the operation of their industries and look for ways to improve on them by working with both the government and private sectors.

The government could also be a beneficiary of this study because it could help to point out the factors that inhibit the operation of small scale industries and find possible solutions by making policies that will favour the small-scale industry owners. Microfinance and commercial banks could benefit a great deal from this study because it would help to bring to their notice the way their policies stand as challenges to effective operation of small scale business and the way forward. Finally, the study of this nature could go a long way in adding to the existing literature in the field of business education which coud also serve as a reference material to researchers and scholars alike.

Scope of the Study

This is delimited to the factors inhibiting the operation of small scale industries in Onitsha South Local Government Area of Anambra State. With particular emphasis on the effect of government policy, bank policies and multiple taxation on the operation of small scale industries.

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Pages:  50

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This study was carried out to assess skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship. The population of the study comprised of 59 lecturers in School of Business Education, Federal College of Education (Technical) Asaba, Delta State. Due to the manageable size of respondents, all the fifty-nine (59) lecturers were studied, hence no sampling. The instrument for data collection was a structured research questionnaire, which was structured by the researcher and validated by three lecturers. To ensure the consistency of the validated instrument, a pilot study was carried out on 5 lecturers in College of Education Agbor, Delta State. Fifty-nine (59) copies of the validated questionnaire items were administered on the 59 lecturers in School of Business Education by the researcher with the help of 2 research assistants and 55 instruments were retrieved and analyzed using mean statistics. Based on the analysis, it was found that the skills required by Business Education students for sustainable entrepreneurship are accounting, managerial, human relation and computers skills. Based on the findings, the study recommended among others that students should be encouraged to develop accounting skills for a sustainable entrepreneurship and students should be encouraged to acquaint themselves with managerial skills for sustainable entrepreneurship.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

The success of every business is traceable to the skills possess by the employees and the employer. Skills go a long way in determining whether or not the business will stand the test or the of time. They give an entrepreneur the upper hand to compete favourably in the business environment.

According to Atakpa (2016), entrepreneurship education is designed to inspire potential entrepreneurs into the field by inculcating the right type of values, appropriate skills, abilities and competences in the individual to contribute maximally to the growth of the Nigerian economy. The National Board for Technical Education (NBTE, 2014), in introducing entrepreneurship courses into the vocational/technical curriculum of tertiary education, maintained that the courses are intended to create awareness in graduates and motivate them towards self-employment through the development of personal skills, business competences, and effectiveness in communication. This is achieved with the use of project-based learning methods in learning environments simulating the economic setting to set up and manage business enterprises.  Lack of continuity and expansion in business has been the problem of so many businesses. Lack of entrepreneurial skills cannot be divulged from the sudden collapse and fall of many enterprises in Nigeria. For proper development of such skills, entrepreneurship education has been introduced. The graduates of Business Education, through entrepreneurship education, are to be equipped with the skill of identifying latent opportunities and taking advantage of them to create wealth for themselves.

Entrepreneurship skills are business skills acquired in the course of education that enables individuals to function effectively in changing business environment as entrepreneurs.  Richard (2015) noted that entrepreneurial education programmes offer students the tools with which to think creatively and to be effective problem solvers. Education for entrepreneurship can be particularly effective in initial vocational training. For students who are to enter working life and self-employment, it may be a valuable option.  One of the methods adopted by government, through education, to tackle unemployment has been the introduction of entrepreneurship development as a course in the educational system. Okechukwu (2017) observed that the introduction of this programme at all strata of education in the country, with the aim of improving employment generation abilities of individuals, will help to eradicate unemployment among graduates.

Entrepreneurship is the act of being an entrepreneur. The word „entrepreneur‟ in French means „one who undertakes or an undertaker‟. It is commonly used in the context of someone who undertakes to transform innovation into economic goods.  Entrepreneurship is therefore defined as a practical creativeness, which combines willingness, resources and ability to do things that are already being done in new ways (Justin, 2016).  Entrepreneurship seeks to make people, particularly youths, to be responsible, enterprising individuals who become entrepreneurs or entrepreneurial thinkers by immersing them in real-life learning experiences on how to take risks, manage specific results and learn from the outcomes.

Adejimola and Olufunmulayo (2016) noted that entrepreneurship education is a course that enables the individual to develop understanding and skills which enable him/her to enter the business world and earn a livelihood.

Entrepreneurship education is the education planned for the development and acquisition of requisite skills and ideas that will help to create gainful employment for the trainees and other unemployed youths. Entrepreneurship education, according to Wikipedia (2014), sought to provide students with the knowledge, skills and motivation to encourage entrepreneurial success in a variety of settings. Doyle (2017) saw entrepreneurship as an economic process of creating incremental wealth by individuals who assume the major risks in terms of equity, time or career commitment or providing value for the same product or service. Entrepreneurship is often approached as the catalyst and caretaker of national/regional economic development (Ibru, 2017). It is seen as the privileged road to enhance the creation of new jobs and increase Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Parker, 2014).

Olatoke (2018) admitted that the acquisition of creativity skills empowers an individual to be functional in any economy. Creativity skills equip an individual with the option of being self-employed. Business education equips learners with knowledge, human and social skills which are relevant for bringing about economic improvement. The purpose of business education according to Aliyu (2017) is to provide training for specific jobs and develop ability to use these skills in the environment of business. Vocational training, if properly delivered to the recipients, would equip the trainees with saleable skills that

would assist in earning a living. It also stimulates and encourages creativity and the development of the right attitude and habits.

Being resourceful as defined by Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (2015) is being good at finding ways of doing things and solving problems.  According to Olagunju (2014), there are qualities that characterize resourcefulness which a business education graduate requires for employment generation.

Management involves the process of planning, organizing, coordinating and controlling of available resources to achieve a set goal. To plan, individuals must be willing and able to seek out investment opportunities in an environment and be able to establish and run an enterprise successfully based on the identified opportunities (Igbo, 2014). The essence of entrepreneurship education is to ensure self-sustainability, employment generation, income generation, wealth creation and reduction in crime rate.

Olise (2016) stated that to attain these goals, business entrepreneurs should apply the management technique known as Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats (SWOT) analysis. In using SWOT, an enterprise could measure its strength and weaknesses and identify opportunities available for exploitation and the probable threats to its successful operation. The first two (strength and weakness) are dependent on the internal factors within the organization such as management style, and production strategies adopted.

Managerial skills are also required by business education students. Management skill entails having knowledge of seasonal fluctuation of goods and prices. Government policies and their immediate outcome may be difficult to interpret by business organizations. The outcome may be favourable or unfavourable and the result may be an opportunity or threat to a business. In view of this, knowledge of business management is essential. Olise (2016) observed that an entrepreneur must calculate the risks involved in the project being undertaken, assess situations and focus special attention on the risks involved. The entrepreneur takes reasonable risk which provides reasonable and challenging chances of success. Based on this, an entrepreneur must possess personal talent, skills, ability, technical know-how, experience, attributes and values that can take care of risks (Vesper, 2016). Managerial skills required by an entrepreneur involve the ability to communicate effectively, ability to make long and short-term planning, ability to conduct personal evaluation and knowledge of good human relationship among others. Management skill is very important before one could think of venturing into a business undertaking.          Agbamu (2016) in Akpan (2017) suggested that learners must acquire the ability to identify or recognize a profitable market opportunity, must be able to marshal and commit resources to pursue that opportunity while facing the prospect of risks and must be able to create and operate a business organization that implements the business idea. Akpan (2017) observed that unless individuals are taught how to recognize and develop opportunities, the initiators will not be able to initiate new businesses because they will not recognize them.

With resourcefulness, the entrepreneur discovers opportunity easily, garners the resources to exploit the opportunity, obtain better management style, expand the business faster and accumulate wealth easily.

Statement of the Problem

Skills play vital role in the sustainability of entrepreneurship. It is the skills that help a business to grow and succeed. With the required skills, an entrepreneur will be able to manage his or her business no matter the economic situation of the country. This shows that without the skills necessary to sustain business, failure is inevitable.

In Business education, students are taught several skills that will enable them to start and run their own business without depending on anyone to do so. This shows that it is expected that on graduation, business education graduates should be able to effectively sustain their businesses.

However, the revers has always been the case because many students do graduate from school without the proper knowledge of entrepreneurship while some who are able to start their own businesses are found not to have the capability to sustain such ventures. This has generated a lot of public outcry due to the inability of young entrepreneurs to manage and sustain their businesses. It Could be as a result of not having the knowledge of the skills required to sustain the businesses. Could it be that they have no idea on the particular skills that will help them to do so?  These and more are questions begging for answers.

It is against the light of the above that this study is carried out to ascertain the skills required of business education in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba.

for sustainable entrepreneurship

 Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of this study is to assess the skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship. Specifically, the study sought to ascertain:

1. the accounting skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship.
2. the managerial skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship.

• the human relation skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship.

1. the computer skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship.

Research Questions

To effectively carry out the study, the following research questions were raised:

1. What are the accounting skills required of business education students for sustainable entrepreneurship in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba?
2. What are the managerial skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship?

• What are the human relation skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship?

1. What are the computer skills required of business education in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba students for sustainable entrepreneurship?

 Significance of the Study

The findings of this study could be of great benefit to students, lecturers, government, and the field of business education.

The study could enable the students to understand the skills required of them for sustainable entrepreneurship which could motivate them to learn those skills for maximum impact, for employment and development.

It could also be of great help to teachers because it could help them to identify the necessary skills that business education students need to be taught if they must sustain entrepreneurship. This will give room for improvement on students.

Parents could also benefit from the findings of this study in that it could help to bring to their notice the kind of skills that their children need for sustainable entrepreneurship which would help them to ensure that their children acquire those skills and become useful to them and society.

The study could also be beneficial to the government because it could help the government by identifying the necessary skills for sustainable entrepreneurship. That would motivate the government through ministry of education to introduce programmes that will enable the students to learn the required skills before graduation in bringing innovation in curriculum development.

Finally, the study could also an addition to the literature in the field of business education which would serve as a reference material for those who may wish to carry out a related study in this field.

Scope of the Study

The study is delimited to the assessment of skills required of business education students in Federal College of Education (T) Asaba for sustainable entrepreneurship. With particular emphasis on accounting skills, managerial skills, human relation skills and computer skills.

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Pages:  55

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.