Category: Government & Public Administration

ABSTRACT

This research delves into the intricate relationship between globalization and the myriad challenges it presents on a global scale. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of international organizations in navigating and mitigating these challenges. Contrary to concerns that globalization might impede the efficacy of such organizations, our findings reveal an optimistic perspective. The majority of respondents strongly disagree with the notion that globalization hinders international organizations, indicating a prevailing sentiment that globalization serves as a catalyst for these entities to adapt and effectively address emerging challenges. Identifying key global challenges exacerbated by globalization, the study underscores the significance of climate change, economic inequality, and public health crises. The acknowledgment of regional variations in the manifestation of these challenges emphasizes the need for targeted and context-specific approaches in addressing their impacts. Encouragingly, respondents overwhelmingly express confidence in the adaptability of international organizations. This positive perception reflects a belief in the resilience and capability of these organizations to evolve in response to the dynamic global landscape. The findings underscore the importance of recognizing and leveraging the strengths of international organizations as pivotal players in addressing contemporary challenges.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

Trading is an indispensable part of all international businesses, whether the company markets in one country or on a global market. Goods are produced in one country, distributed to another, and moved across borders to enter the distribution system of the target market(s). Most countries control the movement of goods crossing their borders, whether leaving (exports) or entering (imports). Some of the basic export and import documents are tariffs, quotas among others (Aimiumu, 2004; Adesoye, Ajike&Maku, 2015). They are barriers to the free flow of goods between independent sovereignties and are requirements that must be met by either the exporter or the importer or both. In order to ensure good trading relationship between countries and easy movement of goods, services and human capital, trade barriers are reduced or removed which is otherwise known as the economic globalization or globalization. Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the exchange of world ideas, products views and innovations (Omojolaibi, Mesagan&Nsofor 2016). It is the intensification of cross-border trade and increased financial and foreign direct investment flows among nations, promoted by rapid advances in and liberalization of communication and information technology (Aninat, 2002). It conjures the picture of a borderless world with greater economic integration that enhances the living standards of people across the globe. The foregoing shows that globalization is the integration of economies worldwide through trade, finance flows and widespread adoption of information technologies and internetworking. Hence, it is an increasing interconnected and inter dependent world in international trade management, administration, communication, investment and finance.

Globalization has over the years been widely celebrated as one of the keys to economic growth and development. The integration of the world economy through the progressive globalization of trade and finance has reached unprecedented level most especially in the recent times, surpassing the pre-world war I peak (Lall,  et  al.  2007).  The  international  competitiveness  brought  by  the  new  wave  of globalization has brought tremendous progress to the world economy. The global economy has continued to witness vigorous expansion since the first half of 2007 with growth running above 5 percent (IMF, 2007). In the face of the new wave of globalization, no country wishes to be left out in the distribution of the benefits resulting from trade, foreign investment and financial integration (international capital flows).

However, Adesoye, Ajike and Maku (2015) have argued forcefully that many highly globalized developing countries have not been able to profit from globalization and are still facing the same problems they have  been  facing  for  many  decades.  For  instance,  Nigeria  had  embraced globalization since  the 1980s  with the expectation  that enhanced free  trade, competitiveness, financial  integration,  foreign  investment  and  technological  advancement  would  ensure  theachievement of rapid growth of the economy. Contrary to expectation, the growth pattern of the economy  since  the  1980s  has  been  very  disappointing  with  poverty  incidence  escalating. According to  the World Bank (2002) report, about 65 percent of the Nigeria population lives below the poverty line,  with  Nigeria being ranked among  the  poorest countries  of  the world, despite its vast economic potentials as well as its attendant natural resources.As  developing  countries  attempt  to  open  up  their  economies  in  recent  years,  they  are  concerned  about globalization and its different effects on economic growth especially as poverty, inequality, environment and cultural dominance are increasing everyday(Samimi and Jenatabadi, 2014). As an important component of the developing world, Nigeria is faced with opportunities  and costs  of globalization.  Although Nigeria is endowed with natural resources, these resources are not being utilized appropriately. It is pertinent to highlight that exploring new ways to harness the Nigeria’s resource endowments more efficiently is important and necessary for the country to improve its economic situation and position in the global sphere.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Globalization is often blamed for the rising incidence of poverty and inequality observed in most third world countries and regions where the developed countries use their competitive advantage to boost their share of world trade and finance, and so largely benefit from globalization (UNCTAD, 2003a). On the other hand, underdeveloped and developing countries could be losing out as they experience a worsening of existing imbalances and distortions in the global economy (Collier & Dollar, cited in Onwuka&Eguavoen, 2007).This therefore raises  a  fundamental  question  on  the distributional effects of globalization which is often polarized between two points of view. While the proponents of globalization argue that globalization leads to a rising tide of income which raises all boats, the opposing group argues that although globalization may improve the overall income  level, its  benefits  are  not  equally shared  amongst individual  countries  of the  world. However, while there is a general consensus that the third world countries (Nigeria inclusive) can benefit from integration with the global economy, an unresolved issue is that of why the global poverty and stunted growth remain predominantly a third world phenomenon.Adesoye et al (2015) have argued forcefully that many highly globalized developing countries have not been able to profit from globalization and are still facing the same problems that they have been facing for many decades. For instance, Nigeria had embraced globalization since 1980s with the expectation that enhanced free trade, competitiveness, financial integration, foreign investment and technological advancement would ensure the achievement of rapid growth and development of the economy. Contrary to what is expected, the development trend of Nigeria from the 1980s has not been encouraging because poverty incidences are escalating. According to the world bank (2002) report about 65 percent of the Nigeria population lives below poverty line, with Nigeria being ranked among the poorest countries of the world, despite its vast economic potentials, attendant natural resources and most importantly its participation and membership in the league of globalised nations. In this view of this therefore, The need to carry out this research, stems from the gap in researcher’s conclusion on globalization and its challenges; assessing the effectiveness of international organization in addressing global challenges. Thus this research will emphatically ascertain the impact of international organization in addressing global challenges.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

The broad objective of the study is to examine the impact of international organization in addressing global challenges. The specific objectives are to

1. To analyze the ways in which globalization has contributed to the emergence and evolution of global challenges in the contemporary world.
2. To identify and categorize the key global challenges resulting from or exacerbated by globalization, and to explore their manifestation across different regions.
3. To assess the extent to which international organizations have adapted to the changing nature of global challenges brought about by globalization.
   • RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research question guides the achievement of the above stated objectives:

1. How has globalization impacted the emergence and evolution of global challenges in the contemporary world?
2. What are the key global challenges resulting from or exacerbated by globalization, and how do they manifest across different regions?
3. To what extent have international organizations adapted to the evolving nature of global challenges brought about by globalization?

1.5 STATEMENT OF HYPOTHESES

The study is guided by the following null hypotheses:

H0₁: Globalization has no significant impact on the emergence and evolution of global challenges in the contemporary world.

H0₂: Globalization does not contribute to the exacerbation or generation of key global challenges, and their manifestations do not differ significantly across regions.

H0₃: International organizations have not significantly adapted to the evolving nature of global challenges brought about by globalization.

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The study seeks to ascertain globalization and its challenges; assessing the effectiveness of international organization in addressing global challenges.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This research endeavor seeks to empirically ascertain globalization and its challenges; assessing the effectiveness of international organization in addressing global challenges, Thus, findings from this research will be of immense benefit to the government, as it will give them a better idea and outlook on the globalization and how it impacts various economy. The study will also be of importance to investors as the data indices employed to carry out this research will serve as a guide as to how globalization has performed over the years, thus the research will serve as a guide to them. Finally, thus research will be of immense significance to policy makers and the monetary authorities as recommendation made here will help in formulating better policies and regulatory frame works to help improve and further deepen globalization.

Pages:  57

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo                            

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This study examined Impact of Entrepreneurial Skills in Reducing Youth Unemployment in a Depressed Economy with reference to ABC Transport Company in Imo State. The broad objectives of this study is to examine the possible ways of eradicating unemployment through the introduction of entrepreneurial skills. The study focus on what Schumpeter’s theory referred to as the “concentric circles” which is a practical approach to resolving unemployment situation in an economy. The study is a descriptive survey design. Questionnaire items were distributed to 160 respondents to gather factual information about the topic. Their responses were tested using appropriate statistic tools like the simple percentage and the chi- square method. The study found that there are roles entrepreneurial skills and businesses play in youth employment in Nigeria through entrepreneurial development. Furthermore, it also shows that youths in Imo state can be given basic training on how best to establish and grow business enterprise in local communities within the state. The study therefore recommends that government should remove corruption and greed and formulate policies that will promote the success of entrepreneurship and free enterprise; government should assist entrepreneurs through regular marketing workshops and seminars in conjunction with the manufacturers association of Nigeria (MAN) and chambers of commerce and industries.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background to the Study

Before embracing the colonial government in Nigeria unemployment was a rare phenomenon because people were highly entrepreneurial and productivity engaged. In pre and post independent in Nigeria, the Igbo ethnic groups were recognized internationally for its culture of entrepreneurship and enterprise development (Dana, 1995). The Yoruba’s and Hausa were not left out too. Nigeria like most developing nations of the world is faced with myriad of problems and realities which include poverty, unemployment, conflicts and diseases. These situations pose great challenges to the very existence of individual in most developing nations thereby, calling for the training of educated youths, men and women who can function effectively in the society in which they live in.

However, successive administrations in Nigeria introduced formal education which enabled people to have the opportunity to being employed in the civil service after graduation. As such, the system destroyed and self-reliance, self-employment and entrepreneurial skills of Nigerians as they became permanently dependent on the colonial masters (Nick,2008; Raimi,2010) this led to massive unemployment and craze in the contemporary times for “all-ready-made jobs”. It is on the premise that this study seeks for the development of entrepreneurship in order to sustain and economy of high-level unemployment reduction. Nigeria is a blessed country with numerous business and investment potentials due to the abundant variant and dynamic human and natural resources it possesses. Nigerians have made remarkable achievements in diverse fields such as science, technology, academics, business and entertainment. Thus, entrepreneurship activities and innovative ingenuity in Nigeria have developed enterprises in the following areas; agriculture/ Agro-allied activities where there are food stuffs, restaurant, fast foods vending etc. in the area of solid minerals there are quarrying, perm stone cutting/ polishing and gushing engineering. In power and transport, there are power generations, haulages business (cargo and passengers), in the area of information and telecom business, there are manufacturing and repairs of GSM accessories, in hospitality and tourism business, there are hotels, accommodation, resorts centers, cinemas, film and home video production; in oil and gas business, there are construction and maintenance of pipelines, drilling, refining by-products, etc. In spite of the fact that has been regarded as the bedrock for employment generation and technological development in Nigeria, the sector nevertheless has had its own fair share of neglect with concomitant unpleasant impacts on the economy.

History very often has a direct impact on what the nation is facing in the present. Entrepreneurship in Nigeria today is not what it used to be. Majority of Nigerians used to be entrepreneurs. Before the colonization era, a lot of Nigerians were majorly involved in trading. In fact, the wealthiest at the time were traders. Even before money was generally accepted as the ledger tender, people exchanged what they had in surplus for what they don’t have. Entrepreneurship was a way of life for most people then. Nigeria always was full of people with a business mindset and Nigerians always had a nigh moral standard and value system for doing business.

During the colonial era, the mode of entrepreneurship changed. The colonial masters brought their goods and made Nigerians their middlemen. Then came formal education and the companies established by the colonial masters. A lot of young Nigerians were employed by these companies. As many Nigerians began to accept formal education, most people were being trained to join the labour force and not to be entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurial mindset began to fade away.

Against this backdrop, entrepreneurship when and it gallantly developed in Nigeria will take his pride of place in reducing unemployment and thus generating employment among Nigerian youths especially the graduates and the place the economy on a proper footing. It is in this respect that this paper seeks to investigate the connections between entrepreneurship, unemployment and employment generation in Imo state.

1.2 Statement of the Problem.

There exist diverse economic, social and political problems at different magnitudes facing nations of the world and the third world countries are not excluded. These diverse economic, social and political problems have adversely affected the sustainable development of the countries, including the high unemployment rate they are currently facing (Williams and Michael, 2012). Unemployment has become a global phenomenon of the 21st century; the problem is becoming more complex each passing year in Nigeria. Unemployment, under-employment and rural-urban migration have enveloped the Nigerian labour market. This has been compounded by frightening number of graduates from polytechnic’s, colleges of education, mono-technics and universities that leave school each year. This has increased the rate of social vices like robbery, kidnapping, prostitution, human trafficking, child abuse and unfair labour practices experienced in Nigeria by the unemployed youths.

National manpower board (2009) opined that Nigerian labour market could barely absorb 10% of the over 3.8 million persons turned out by the Nigeria educational system annually. The problem of this study revolved around the high rate of unemployment and low productivity among the citizens of Nigeria. The present situation seems to give an impression of economic insecurity as a result of failure to properly engage people in the production process. This study was therefore necessary to fill the gap by examine the entrepreneurial development and urgent social intervention for all government strategies/ programmes to have employment generation as an output towards economic security. The question remains: given that the economy of Nigeria is producing below its potential, can entrepreneurship education and urgent social intervention guarantee high unemployment reduction?

As the need and call for entrepreneurship increases day by day, the development of entrepreneurship has been stalled in the last few years. This is because of the problems affecting and limiting its development.

Many Nigerian entrepreneurs face a lot of challenges. Here are the major ones that have been affecting the development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.

1. Lack Of Capital: There are thousands of Nigerians with wonderful ideas that could be turned into a real business. However, most of them lack the capital to push their ideas into reality. The lack of capital is the number one reason why the development of entrepreneurship has not improved over the years.
2. Difficulty In Securing Loans from Financial Institutions: In the first point, we established that the first problem most Nigerians face is the lack of capital. Most people then try to turn to banks and other financial institution to secure loan to fund their idea of business. But getting a loan is very difficult and most times impossible for average Nigerians who are looking for funds to start up a business or who already have a small business. The reason for this is that the banks and financial institutions feel it is a huge risk lending money to them. Financial institutions are not sure if entrepreneur will be able to pay back the loan.

Another major reason why securing a loan is very difficult is the requirement needed for securing the loans. Most of the financial institutions demand huge collateral and high-interest rate that small business owners or start-ups cannot afford. This discourages most Nigerians entrepreneurs and kills many promising ideas.

3. Poor State of Infrastructure in Nigeria: The lack of good infrastructural facilities is another major problem affecting the development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. The number one issue of infrastructure affecting entrepreneurship is the unstable power supply that has forced a lot of businesses to close down. Most entrepreneurs have to rely on guarantors to run their businesses. They have to spend a lot of money on fuel to run their generators. Also, lack of good roads and transport system is another infrastructure in Nigeria makes the cost of running a business or company high. Most small businesses and start-ups cannot afford it.
4. Unstable State of Nigeria Economy: The state of the Nigerian economy is also a major challenge for entrepreneurs in Nigeria. The state of a country and its economy plays a significant impact on the level of entrepreneurship in any country. The socio-economic problems and the unstable economy of Nigeria has killed a lot of businesses in the last couple years. All these mixed with political instability is not helping businesses at all.
5. Inconsistent Government Policies: There is no continuity in Nigeria government especially when there is a change in governance. Unfortunately, there are no good policies that could create necessary conditions for the development of entrepreneurship in the country. The government needs to create policies and an environment that will give more freedom and possibilities for entrepreneurs.
6. Poor Knowledge on How to Run a Business: Not all the problems are from the government or capital related. Another problem is that most people don’t know how to manage and grow a business properly. They don’t seem to learn or have the resources to learn how to manage and grow a business.
7. Inadequate Planning and Poor Executive: This are the result of the poor knowledge or how to run a business. Most people don’t plan properly before they start their business. They don’t make research about their business, the market for the business, the cost of production, etc. many do not even make a business plan. So, after they start a business, they get stuck and the business fails. Also, a lot of people start off the wrong path and eventually the business ends up failing.
8. Lack Of Patience and Greediness: A lot of new business owners and young entrepreneurs are looking to make money quickly. They are more money oriented and not entrepreneurship oriented. In fact, a lot of people go into business because of the money and they want it fast. Many people want quick money but as a result, they don’t have enough patience to grow a business that has the potential of becoming big. Also, due to the desire for quick returns and greediness, a lot of people try to find easier means of making more money in business and ends up getting due to;
9. High Risk Involved in Starting a New Business: Many are afraid of the risks and give up the idea to start a new business. However, it is important to understand that business and risk go hand in hand. No pain, no gain.
10. Lack Of Entrepreneurial Mindset: This is the result of the mentality that was brought instilled in us in the last decades. This is how the colonial era influenced the mindset of many Nigerians. As we have already mentioned, most people were taught to be in the labour force and jot to be entrepreneurs.

1.3 Research Objective

The objectives of this study are:

1. To examine the possibility of eradicating unemployment in Imo state through entrepreneurial development.
2. To also examine the level at which different entrepreneurial development programmes has been able to lessen the unemployment problem in Imo state.
3. To determine the extent to which basic training can motivate the youths to establish and grow business enterprises in their communities.

1.4 Research Questions

1. Is there any possible way of eradicating unemployment in Imo state?
2. To what level can different entrepreneurial development programmes reduce unemployment rate in Imo state?
3. To what degree can youth be given basic training on how best to grow and establish business enterprises in local communities?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

For the purpose of this study, the following hypothesis were formula to guide this study;

HO1. There is no possibility of curbing youth unemployment problem in Imo state through entrepreneurial development.

HO2. There is possibility of curbing youth unemployment problem in Imo state through entrepreneurial development.

HO3. Different entrepreneurial development programmes cannot be able to reduce unemployment problem in Imo state.

HO4. Different entrepreneurial development programmes can be able to reduce unemployment problem in Imo state.

HO5. Entrepreneurship basic training cannot motivate the youths to establish and grow their business enterprises.

HO6. Entrepreneurship basic training can motivate the youths to establish and grow their business enterprises.

1.6 Significance of the Study

Studying the impact of entrepreneurial skills on reducing youth unemployment in a depressed economy is crucial for several reasons:

1. Addressing high youth unemployment: Youth unemployment is a persistent challenge in many economies, particularly during periods of economic depression. By studying the impact of entrepreneurial skills, we can understand how equipping young people with the necessary knowledge and abilities to start and run their own businesses can contribute to reducing unemployment rates among this demographic.
2. Fostering economic resilience: Depressed economies often struggle with limited job opportunities, low investment, and reduced economic activity. Introducing entrepreneurial skills among the youth can help create a culture of innovation and self-reliance, leading to the establishment of new businesses and the generation of employment opportunities. This, in turn, contributes to economic resilience and can help lift the economy out of depression.
3. Promoting self-employment: Entrepreneurship offers an alternative path to traditional employment, empowering individuals to create their own jobs rather than relying solely on existing opportunities. By studying entrepreneurial skills, we can identify the factors that enable young people to start and sustain their own ventures. This knowledge can inform policies and initiatives aimed at promoting self-employment as a viable option for youth in a depressed economy.
4. Stimulating economic growth: Entrepreneurship plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and development. By studying the impact of entrepreneurial skills on reducing youth unemployment, we can gain insights into how entrepreneurial activity can spur economic revitalization in a depressed economy. Successful entrepreneurial ventures can lead to job creation, increased productivity, and the development of new industries, ultimately contributing to overall economic growth.
5. Enhancing youth empowerment and well-being: Unemployment among young people can have negative consequences on their well-being, self-esteem, and future prospects. By equipping them with entrepreneurial skills, we provide them with tools for self-empowerment and economic independence. Through entrepreneurship, young individuals can pursue their passions, exercise creativity, and contribute meaningfully to society, which can positively impact their overall well-being.
6. Informing policy and educational interventions: Studying the impact of entrepreneurial skills on reducing youth unemployment can inform the development of effective policies and educational interventions. Governments, educational institutions, and other stakeholders can use research findings to design targeted programs that equip young people with the necessary skills, knowledge, and support to embark on entrepreneurial endeavors. Such initiatives can provide practical training, mentorship, access to financing, and networking opportunities, enhancing the chances of success for young entrepreneurs.

In conclusion, studying the impact of entrepreneurial skills on reducing youth unemployment in a depressed economy is significant because it addresses a pressing societal issue, fosters economic resilience, promotes self-employment, stimulates economic growth, enhances youth empowerment and well-being, and informs policy and educational interventions. By understanding the relationship between entrepreneurship and youth unemployment, we can develop effective strategies to alleviate unemployment rates and drive economic recovery.

Pages:  63

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

The study examined the challenges of Local Government (LG) finances and rural development in Bayelsa State. Four research questions and hypotheses were raised. Survey research design was employed. The study area comprised the 8 Local Government Areas in the state with a population of 8,571 staff, from which 1152 respondents were sampled using simple proportion. Data was collected using a self-structured questionnaire. Frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation and independent t-test were used to analyze the data. The findings of the study show that: the various reforms has increasing tendency for financial interference by the State as against the favored financial autonomy in the LG. The specific external and internal challenges of local government are:  undue state government interference on LG statutory allocation, poor local government reforms, and insufficient allocation from the Federation Account among others. The contemporary LG finance impacts positively in the improvement of primary health care infrastructure, housing, education in the rural areas, among others. The most prominent external challenge to local government finance in Bayelsa State is undue state government interference on local government statutory allocations.  The contemporary LG financing system has undermined the capacity of local government to deliver on development and quality of life as against sources of finance. It was therefore recommended among other things that, an all-inclusive and participating LG reform that will succinctly address the challenges of LG finance and rural development be made. Also, LG should endeavor to invest in revenue yielding businesses to help them address some of their financial challenges in areas of IGR and other sources of finance.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

• Background to the Study

The origin of Local Government administration in Nigeria dates back to the pre-colonial period. There were the emirate systems of Sokoto and Borno caliphates; in Ibadan, Egba and Ekiti, the Obas and Chiefs were noted to wield exclusive authority over the governance of their respective domains (Eneanya, 2012).  Moreover, in these areas, there were smaller districts, villages and wards that were subjects of the kingdom and the emirate governments. These smaller or sub- ordinate levels of government could be seen or described as Local governments in pre- colonial era.

The emergence of indirect rule which later degenerated into direct rule by the British colonialists subverted the exclusive powers of the pre- colonial Local government system as the traditional rulers under the direct rule system became mere Local agents of the Obas in the west; and, warrant chiefs in the East became sole native authorities in their domains (Ugwu, 2008). Modern local government system emerged  in Nigeria in 1952 and by 1965 just five years after independence, the number of Local Government areas in Nigeria rose to 299. This figure later rose to 301 in 1979 to 781 in 1981, when the creation of States became prevalent and the State Governments were given authority to create local government (Ugwu, 2000, p. 8). After the overthrow of the civilian government, the Local Government were again reduced to 301 and later increased to 449 in 1987 and 589 in 1991. The figure later increased to 774 in 1996 and has remained so since then (Otobo, 2002).

The creation of the Local Government system in Bayelsa State was mainly to enhance development at the local level through its nearness to the local environment. This is because the Federal and State Government are considered by the rural populace as too distant to the plights of the grassroots. As such, the only government or administration which rural dwellers easily recognize is that which interacts with them on a daily basis.

However, the effectiveness of Local Government in Bayelsa State is through the development it generates, the social amenities it provides and the extent to which it catered satisfactorily for the happiness and general well-being of the grassroot populace for which it has been established to serve(Ndoh, 2002). Thus the establishment of Local Government System in Bayelsa state and the myriad of functions tied to the system have sometimes eluded appropriate definition of the meaning and functions of this third tier of government.

According to the 1976 Guideline for the Reform of Local Government in Nigeria, Local Government is a form of government exercise through the representative councils established by law to exercise specific powers within well-defined areas. What this implies is that a Local Government system in Nigeria must be constituted by elected representatives, and not appointed ones as is often the case in Nigeria where sole administrators and care-taker councils have been constituted to carry out Local Government Administration in many States. Njoku (2009) noted that Local Government is a third tier of government which administrative functions are generally limited to small local areas into which a country is usually split. Sharma et al (2011) opines that Local Government is that government that operated at the lowest level of society when compared to the sovereign and State government. It works at the grassroot levels close to the people, touching their everyday life. To Agarwal (2009) Local Government, simply put, is the administration of local areas run by elected representatives. If the administration of local areas is to be run by the State or central government offices, the administration shall be local but it shall not be local self-government. To Ogunna (1985 cited in Akamere, 2013), Local Government is simply and precisely, government at that local level. But in another way, Local Government is a system of devolution of powers to the local authority to provide services of a local status.

Going by the above definitions of Local Government, it is not farfetched to stipulate that Local Government as the term implies is that system of government with elected representatives conferred the legislative and administrative powers of the affairs of manning the local environment by identifying with the grassroots populace and meeting up the democratic insistence of rural transformation through active participation of the local people.

The importance of the duties and functions of Local Government in Nigeria cuts across many sectors of the Nigerian society such as economic development, social services, political leadership and nation building etc. Indeed most of these functions cannot be efficiently and effectively executed without an adequate finance or strong revenue base. The revenue generation of Local Governments in Nigeria is principally derived from statutory allocation “a direct share of the Local Government from the federal account” and tax (a compulsory levy imposed by government on individuals and cooperate bodies for various legitimate functions of the State. Historically, Local Government in Nigeria has developed a system of taxation and other sources of revenue generation and this can be traced to the era, prior to British pre-colonial and colonial period. Under this scenario, community taxes were organized and levied on taxable adults. In recent times, the sources of local revenue generation have been expanded; hence, Local Government can now generate revenue through various external and internal sources (Nwachukwu, 2013).

The 1999 constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria as amended,  identified various sources of local government’s internal source of finances in Nigeria to include: Shops and Kiosks rates: tenement licence fees; marriage, birth and death registration fees; naming of streets restoration fees excluding any street in the State capital; right of occupancy fees on land in rural areas, excluding those collectable by the Federal Government; market taxes and levies excluding any market where State finances are involved; motor park levies; domestic animal licence fees; Bicycle, truck, canoe, wheel barrow and cart fees, other than a mechanically propelled truck; cattle tax payable by cattle farmers only, merriment and road closure levy, radio and television licence fees, vehicle radio licence fees, wrong parking charges; public convenience, sewage and refuse disposal fees; customary burial ground permit fee, religious places establishment permit fee; and signboard and advertisement permit fee. These constitute the internal sources of finance available to Local Government in Nigeria for the execution of their rural transformation functions.

The idea of local government as an instrument of rural development in Bayelsa State and Nigeria at large has attracted serious attention both nationally and internationally since the local government reform of 1976. Agagu (1997) viewed local government as a level of government which is supposed to have its greatest impact on the people at the rural areas. in the views of Enero, Oladoyin and Elumilade (2004) local government is the third level of government in a federal system  which is nearest to the citizens and saddled with the responsibility of guaranteeing the political, social and economic development of the grassroot populace.

As a result of the local governments’ capacity for rural development in Bayelsa State, there has been growing recognition of the importance of rural development as an instrument in the overall development of the contemporary state. local governments exists in a federal system due to the infrastructural, resources distribution, human resources development and employment deficit gap between the rural and urban areas which has made rural development imperative (Ogbazi, 1982 in Zakari ya‟u, 2014). This imbalance has subjected the rural areas in Bayelsa State to more disadvantaged economic position.

It has induced rural – urban migration, thereby, increasing unemployment situation in the urban areas mostly in such places as Southern Ijaw, Kolokuma/Opokuma, Brass among others, while, simultaneously depriving the rural areas of their agricultural workforce (Dickson, 2014). The rationale behind the existence of  the local government system in Nigeria is to bring the presence of the government closer to people in the grassroots for active participation in governance, service delivery and to enhance socio-economic development and good governance (Ogunna, 1996 in Okoli, et al, 2015;Ogbette, Idam &  Kareem, 2018). But unfortunately transparency and accountability in the local governments in Bayelsa State is a rhetoric, most local government officials display provocative wealth gotten through criminal institutionalized stealing and corrupt practices, coupled by the inability of state governments to effectively fund local government administration in the state due to the State local government joint account system that gives state government officials the capacity and capability to siphon the funds meant for the local government administration to their own personal use (Dickson, 2014).

Therefore, the realization of rural development by Local Governments in Bayelsa State becomes frustrated since it depends largely on the capacity to which each of these internal sources of finances as well as the external sources of revenue (which chiefly is the statutory allocation from the federation account) contributes to the overall finance available to the Local Government at any given period.  Ogunna (1996, p. 28) observed that the inability of the Local Government in Nigeria to meet up their rural transformation obligations usually stems out from the paucity of funds accruing to them from both the internal and external source of finances. This has adversely impacted on the smooth running of the Local Government Administration in almost every part of the country. In the midst of these teething problems are dishonesty and mismanagement of the Local Government revenue among most revenue officers and sometimes the machinery put in place for the collection of revenue is  inadequate, leading to paucity of funds for rural development. It thus follows that Local Government inability to effectively and efficiently dispense their rural development objectives inNigeria and more specifically in Bayelsa Stateare off-set by challenges to Local Government finances. This study therefore examines Local Government finances and rural development in Bayelsa State.

1.2   Statement of the Problem

It is a known fact that “the extent to which Local Governments in Nigeria can accomplish their goals of rural development depends largely on their finance base (Olusola, 2014).  The problem in Bayelsa State, however, is that. The lack of political will to raise collorary finances to complement their statutory allocations from the Federation Account (FACC) as required by the fiscal federalism which Nigeria operates. In fact, fiscal federalism as pertaining to Local Government entails clearly demarcated functions in both revenue generation and expenditures. Kizito and Fedila (2015, p. 2) rightly stated that:

In a federal system such as Nigeria there exist three tiers of government namely Federal, State and Local Government. The constitution provides for the functions of the different tiers of government… Consequently resources are allocated to the three tiers of government from the federation account to enable them carry out their functions effectively, in addition to the revenue generated by each tier of government.

From the above, it is evident that the Local Governments in Bayelsa State are aptly empowered by legislature to generate finances for the effective and efficient administration to achieve the goals and objectives which serves as pointers to their establishment, including rural development.

Sadly the continued decline in Local Government finances since the dawn of democracy in Bayelsa State and poor rural development index across the 8 Local Governments in the State does not portray the meaningful definition of fiscal federalism as it pertains to the Local Government system in the State (Dickson 2014).

For instance, in a recent study in 2016,  it was observed the total Revenue of the 8 Local Governments  which was 23.9 billion in 2007 rose slightly to 48.1 billion in 2013 and dropped sharply to 37.0 billion in 2014  and has been on the decline since  then. In the same vein, rural development index which was 40.33% in 2007 dropped sharply to 21.30% in 2014 and has been on the decline across the 8 Local Governments in the State (Dickson, 2014).

More recently, the Governor Henry Seriaki Dickson administration, noticing the inability of local governments under the previous administrations to use the funds at their disposal to effectively develop their jurisdictions, with the help of the state assembly, restructured the local administrative system in the state, such that the appointment of local government care taker chairmen for a consecutive period of two years, after which, these are replaced by new individuals became the system in practice in the state. Moreover, these local government care taker chairmen (who are unelected officials) are supported by appointed Rural Development Area (RDA) chairmen appointed by the governor for each clan or kingdom in the state.

Yetinspite of these meaningful administrative arrangements, the finance accruing to the local government as could be seen from the poor state of rural development and quality of life across the eight local governments in the state, remains extremely poor. This is so because, despite the annual budgetary provisions by both the federal and state governments for the eight local government councils in the state, the local governments have continued to report not only dwindling allocations, but also poor IGR to the dissatisfaction of the grassroots populace.

It therefore, it follows that finance constitutes the major live wire through which Local Governments in the State effectuate their rural transformation objectives and goals, the sharp decline in Local Government finances and rural development across the 8 Local Governments in the State is an indication of the existence of serious challenges to Local Government finances and rural development in the State and which need to be examined, arrested and succinctly addressed. Therefore this work examines the relationship between Local Government financing with interest in the areas of infrastructure for development and quality of life in rural Bayelsa between 1999 and 2016.

1.3   Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to examine the relationship between Local Government financing and grassroot Development. The specific objectives will include the following:

1. To show the extent in reflection of various Local Government reforms on the capabilities of Local Government sources of finance and rural development in Bayelsa.
2. To investigate the extent of external challenges faced by Local Government in sourcing for external revenue for executing rural development in Bayelsa State.
3. To investigate the extent of internal challenges faced by Local Government in sourcing for internally generated revenue for executing rural development in Bayelsa State.
4. To examine the extent to which the contemporary Local Government finance impact on capabilities of Local Government for (infrastructural) development defined as quality of life in rural areas of Bayelsa State.

1.4   Research Questions.

For the objectives of the study to be achieved, the following research questions were raised to guide the study:

1. To what extent have the various Local Government reforms reflected on the capabilities of Local Government to generate finance for rural development in Bayelsa state?
2. To what extent do Local Governments in Bayelsa State face specific external challenges in sourcing for external revenue for rural development?
3. To what extent do Local Governments in Bayelsa State face specific internal challenges in sourcing for internally generated revenue for rural development?
4. To what extent does the contemporary Local Government finance impact on the capabilities of the Local Government for infrastructural development and quality of life in rural areas of Bayelsa State?

1.5   Research Hypotheses

HO1: The various local government reforms have not enhanced the capabilities of local government to generate finance for rural development in Bayelsa State.

HA1:The various local government reforms have enhanced the capabilities of local government to generate finance for rural development in Bayelsa State.

HO2:The most prominent external challenge to local government finance in Bayelsa state is undue state government interference on local government statutory allocations.

HA2:  Undue state government interference on local government statutory allocations is not the most prominent external challenge to local government finance in Bayelsa State.

HO3:The most prominent internal challenge to local government finance in Bayelsa State is lack of investment in revenue yielding business by the local government.

HA3:lack of investment in revenue yielding business by the local government is not themost prominent internal challenge to local government finance in Bayelsa State.

HO4: The contemporary Local Government financing system has undermined the capacity of local government to deliver on development and quality of life as against sources of finance.

HA4:The contemporary Local Government financing system has not undermined the capacity of local government to deliver on development and quality of life as against sources of finance

1.6   Scope of the Study

The study will be delimited to examining Local Government finances especially internal revenue generation, which will help to finance infrastructure and rural development in Bayelsa State between 1999- 2016. It will be conducted across the 8 Local Government Councils in Bayelsa State and will involve participants from each of the Local Government Councils. Secondly, data such as the FACC Revenue and the internally Generated Revenue accruing to the 8 Local Government Areas in the State will be obtained from extent literature and from the office of the Auditor General for Local Government in the State  as well as the office of the Federal Inland Revenue Services (FIRS).

1.7   Significance of the Study

It is expected that the result of this study will be beneficial to a host of governmental and non-governmental organization/establishment and individuals. Specifically, the beneficiaries of the findings of the study will include:

The Bayelsa State Government both at the state and local levels, since the results will not only identify the constraints to revenue generation and rural transformation at the local level of governance, but also how best to arrest the challenges for effective and efficient governance at the grass root level.

The Federal Government will also find the results of this study very significant in understanding the relative financial burden of Local Government Councils in Bayelsa State and their quest to develop and transform their rural environment in the face of daunting social, economic and cultural challenges of modern day governance and democracy.

Government agencies and legislative (Federal and State Government) will also find this research useful in understanding the need for an implementation of legislative framework on Local Government financial autonomy with expressive legal clauses aimed at expanding the finance base of Local Government Councils in Nigeria for effective and efficient rural development.

Personnel of Local Government in Nigeria who are unacquainted with the administrative purview of the Local Government system in Nigeria will find the result of the study useful in broadening their knowledge on the financial constraints of Local Government Administration in Nigeria.

The general public, mostly the rural literate populace will also find the results of this study useful in understanding the major issues bordering rural development in their environment and in relation to the administrative activities of their Local Government Councils.

Finally, the result of the study will also be very useful to other researchers who intend to conduct studies in similar areas by adding to the available bodies of literature on Local Government and Local Government Administration.

1.8   Operational Definition of Terms

Local Government finances: in this study, Local Government finances refer to the income raised by elected local government. It includes local taxation, national grant subventions, local government service user charges, loan capital funding, and private financial partnerships.

Rural development:  is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in rural areas, often relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas

Pages:  240

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF                

Chapters: 1-5                                                      

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on the motivation and performance of junior staff of Ngor-Okpala local government. The study was carried out to determine if the motivation of junior staff of the local government by way of increased and prompt payment of salaries can lead to higher performance and output in the local government. The objectives of the study included: to explain how poor/inadequate salary contributes to low productivity/performance in Ngor-Okpala local government council, to determine if non participation of junior workers in decision making affect the relationship between the workers and the management in Ngor-Okpala local government council and to ascertain if the absence of good working environment reduces the workers productivity/performance in Ngor-Okpala local government council. The Hierarchy of Needs theory was used to analyze the work while the method of data collection consisted of a combination of both primary and secondary data. The research findings revealed that adequate salary, workers participation in decision making, and good working environments contribute immensely to organizational productivity and performance. Ngor-Okpala needs to increase the workers’ enjoyment of these variables to be able to actualize maximum productivity and performance of its junior staff.  

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

The motivation of workers is just one variable affecting work performance, a number of organizational factors have to be considered as well. These include work flows, supply of material, the quality of work designed, work programming, the availability of appropriate equipment and above all, the quality of management. Motivation is a basic psychological process. Motivation is, therefore, an important variable for organization effectiveness and productivity.

The comprehensive understanding of motivation lies in the need-drive-incentive sequence, or cycle. The basic process involves need, which sets drives in motion to accomplish incentives (anything which alleviates a need and reduce a drive). The drive or motive may be classified into primary, general and secondary categories. The primary motives are unlearned and psychologically based, common primary motives are hunger, thirsty, sleep, avoidance of pain, sex and material concern. The general or stimulus motive are also unlearned but are not psychologically based and they are curiosity, manipulation, activity, are all examples of general motives. Secondary motives are learned and are most relevant to the study of organization behavior. The needs for power, achievement, affiliation, security and status are major motivating forces in the behavior of organizational participants.

Productivity is the goal of every organization, any organization that cannot operate to a degree of significant productivity in an important entity, such organization would produce a wholesome disappointment to its owners, and a wide spread dissatisfaction and disaffection among its entire worker. A productive organization enriches the owners, it serves as a source of inspiration and motivation to the workers as they would be very proud of their organization and appreciate the fruits of their labor.

Motivation is the act of stimulating an organism to take a desire coursed of action. The theory of motivation is build on the “law of effect” of the psychology of learning which states, according to Beach (1975: 456), that “behavior that is perceived to be rewarding will tend to be repeated whereas the behavior that goes unrewarded or punished that will tend to be extinguished. In these perspectives, Kelly (1974:247) defines motivation as “behavior instigated by need and directed towards the goals that can satisfy this needs” thus, motivation is an instrument for securing good job performance. Motivation, therefore, is anything that stimulates people to act in a better way in other to achieve any stated objectives. According to Jones and George (2003:405) motivation may be defined as “psychological forces that determine the direction of a person’s behavior in an organization, a person’s level of effect, and a person’s level of persistence in the face of obstacle”. According to Hicks (1972:280) motivation can either be positive or negative. Positives motivation, in his view, is sometimes called “anxiety reducing motives” or “they cannot approach which offers something valuable to the workers” (pay, praises etc.). For acceptable performance on the other hand, negative motivation which is often called “the stick approach” uses of threatens or punishment of performance is unacceptable. Positive motivation serves as a powerful instrument or tool for raising the moral of workers to attain greater heights in their organizational goals.

Productivity can be seen as the capacity or a situation where an individual or organization produces maximum results with available human financial and material resources to achieve set objective or goals. In this, efficiency and effectiveness are indices of public organization. For a proper and effective motivation of public servants, public managers should be fully aware of the theories and techniques of motivation and skillfully apply them in the motivation of workers in other to inspire them toward achieving organizational goals. Any organization that cannot operate a degree of significant productivity is an impotent entity or organization.

1.2    STATEMENT OF RESEARCH PROBLEM

The issue of motivation has posed different challenges to workers performance and productivity. This is because many organizations have not been able to employ the most suitable techniques that motivate workers to put in their best in achieving organizational goals and objectives. Most organizations are faced with the issue of lack of adequate salaries, lack of workers participation in decision making, lack of good working environment, irregular promotion of workers etc.

Lack of adequate salary kills the spirit of productivity. This is because a worker is more likely to perform to his potential if he’s happy with the salary he is earning. A person earning a high salary feels motivated to do a good job, because he wants to please his employer to retain his position. His salary brings him a feeling of security, allows him to feel accomplished and gives him a high status ranking that he enjoys. A person is much more willing to put in extra hours at the office if he feels his financial rewards are a fair trade-off.

Lack of workers participation in decision making is another challenging issue which affects workers productivity and performance in an organization. Most organizations have failed in the area of workers participation in the decision making. Workers tend to put in their best when they are inclusive in decision making. Research has shown that participation in decision-making can increase workers performance, raises productivity, production and efficiency of the employee of any organization. In addition, participation in the decision-making process gives each employee the opportunity to voice their opinions, and to share their knowledge with others. While this improves the relationship between manager and employee, it also encourages a strong sense of teamwork among workers.

Another challenging issue that affects organizational productivity is lack of good working environment. Studies have shown that noise, light, temperature, furniture, location and layout are important factors that influence employee productivity. Lighting is the primary factor that affects an employee’s productivity, temperature has a greater effect on female employees than on male employees, male employees are highly affected by office furniture, both natural and artificial light are necessary to maximize employee productivity, spatial arrangement of office furniture is important to productivity. Poor working environment creates dissatisfaction and working inconveniences among workers which invariably affects productivity and performance.

Irregular promotion is another challenging issue that affects workers productivity. When promotion is not regular, the workers are not motivated to put in their best. Irregular promotion kills the motivating spirit of workers which invariably, affects the workers productivity and performance.

Therefore, the problem focus of this work is to make a general assessment of the issue of Motivation in Ngor-Okpala local government and how it posed as a challenge to the its productivity. It is intended to explain and provide an insight on the strategies to be taken in order to ensure suitable and adequate productivity in the local government, with some practical solutions and recommendations.

1.3      OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

This research study aims at finding out the following:

• To explain how poor/inadequate salary contributes to low productivity in Ngor-Okpala local government council.
• To determine if non participation of junior workers in decision making affect the relationship between the workers and the management in Ngor-Okpala local government council.
• To ascertain if the absence of good working environment reduce the workers productivity in Ngor-Okpala local government council.

1.4      RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. In what ways do poor/inadequate salaries contribute to low productivity in Ngor-Okpala local government council?
2. How does non-participation of junior workers in decision making affect the relationship between the workers and the management in Ngor-Okpala local government council?
3. In what ways do poor work environment affect the workers productivity in Ngor-Okpala local government council?

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Misplacement of emphasis is always an impediment towards the successful achievement of any particular good. So this study will help in ratifying the managerial misplacement of emphasis on monetary incentives and other non monetary incentives such as participation in decision making among the workers, good working environment and regular promotion as the sole motivator of workers towards achieving increased productivity.

The study will educate or enlighten those on the management strata that when they begin to feel with their workers, have a humanistic focus on their best towards achieving increased productivity for their organization. The study is equally a criticism of the tenets of the scientific management school of thought which believed that given adequate monetary incentives, participation in decision making among the workers, good working environment and regular promotion to workers will help towards increased production.

This study has primary significance to the management world especially practitioners and aspiring ones.

1.6    RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

This is an idea or preposition not derive from experience but form and used to explain certain facts or to provide the foundation or primary assumption of an argument. This study is aimed at examining motivation and productivity of junior workers in Ngor-Okpala local government council. Therefore, the following assumptions are made:

1. Poor or inadequate salary is the cause of low productivity in Ngor-Okpala local government council.
2. lack of good working environment affect the productivity of junior workers in Ngor-Okpala local government council
3. Non-participation of junior workers in the decision making of the local government creates friction between the workers and management and thereby affects their productivity.
   

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   Pages:  59

   Category: Project

   Format:  Word & PDF         

   Chapters: 1-5                                 

   Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

The study is on “The Role of Traditional Rulers in National Development (A Study Of Ohaji/Egbema L.G.A, Imo State). The study has four objectives and four research questions.  The case study and the survey approaches research design was used for the study. The population of the people of Egbema is about ½ million people. It is from this population descriptions that the same population would be extracted for this study and the sample size was 40 (forty) people. The sampling technique adopted for this study is the simple random which gives every element in the sampling area equal independent chances of being in the sample. Questionnaire was used for collection of data while simple percentage and frequency counts table was used to analyze the research questions. The findings reveal that traditional institutions, even though outdated still play vital roles towards national development, the available laws negate the rights and principles of the traditional institutions, and sometimes make them look rubber stamps. The study therefore recommended among others that, in the context of governance of the modern state, an important issue is the extent to which the traditional authorities may be involved in local government today. Even though excluding traditional rulers from local government is consistent with theories of political development I down playing inscriptive rights, the implication is ominous since there are still wide areas in Africa where no development is possible unless it is routed through the traditional leaders and backed by them. It may be necessary to re-examine the position of traditional rulers no decentralization efforts and consider a meaningful role for them in local affairs.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of the Study

Nigeria is a state of Nation is currently in a stated of economic tradition as it attempt to follow in the established pattern of the  rest of the world in moving towards a democratic governing  body and a market economy for a country that is  rooted in ethnic tribes alliance and colonial distinctions, this is a serious endeavor. Creating institution within the country has been the prime factor in achieving the development. These institutions or rules of the game can take on the formal aspect of laws an tangible rules, or an informal nature, which  defines the culture and attitudes of the society. Institutions have played an inherent part in the privatization program eradication of corruption, removal of cultural prejudices and technological development of Nigeria.

Formal institution includes laws and orders that are enacted by the government and it can still be altered by anyhow mandated programs and instituted laws , informal institutions are much harder to change since it require adjusting the culture of an entire group of principle. The call for national unity by the custodians of our heritage so as the develop the tribal sentiments should be a wakeup call for all Nigerians.

Since the1970’s the institution of chief family has gained much prominence in the social and political life of Nigeria. The growing importance of traditional rulers (sometime even called natural rulers) in everyday affairs, in local and national politics in Nigeria has then received comparatively little attention by social scientists, especially so far areas where no strong chieftaincy institutions existed in pre-colonial times.

In the Nigeria context chieftaincy institutions has played a big role in Nigeria, throughout Nigeria, there are numerous well-educated holder of chieftaincy titles with strong business interests, conversely, virtually every successful businessman attempts to acquire such titles. This practice being so common that titles  are nowadays widely perceived to be “purchased” rather than hereditary, or earned as a matter of honor/importance. Politicians accumulate several dozen titles, such honorary titles however, are of a secondary nature in so far they are usually conferred by officially holders of traditional: the traditional rulers.

Since the LATE 1970/90s, the chieftaincy institution in Egbema of Ohaji/Egbema has flourished remarkable by the late 1980s, one (1) and thirteen (13)  second class rulers but today  there were six (6) government recognized, there were rulers (kings) in Ohaji/Egbema LGA Uzomma [1993:216] carrying the titles Eze, etc. some officially addressed as “HIS  Royal Majesty (HRM) and His Royal Highness (HRH) in Ohaji Egbema LGA. Most of these traditional rulers, are not traditional and their positions has no direct pre-colonial pendent, if any, their office is based on a tradition created rather recently nor do they ‘rule’ in a formal sense. Nevertheless, Ebere Nwaubam (1994:96) in one of the very far long-range historical analysis of the institution, has put it in contemporary Igbo society, traditional ruler, have become permanent and influential guests on the centre stage.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

The current opportunities for democratic participation and good governance in most African states seem unprecedented, yet there have been many failures. A significant part of this lies in the overlooked relationship between the contemporary African state and traditional authority. Traditional form as of chieftaincy have come back into the spotlight, especially with respect to the role of traditional rulers as an intermediary  between the state and the citizen or people, a role already created during colonization.

Although the most value or visible representatives of the original Africa public institutions were  abolished in some parts of the continent in vast areas of Western, Central, Southern and Eastern Africa, they continue  to exist and participate in public affairs on local regional and state levels, either separately or as  members of administration, parliaments or governments.

Even since that l and mel-administration fated attempt by the erstwhile British colonial administration. In Nigeria to impose on the people a uniform system of local administration, Nigerians have  continued in the endless search for role or function for traditional rles in the country.

Traditional rulers in Egbema in Ohaji/Egbema local government have no specific functions assigned to them this is because politicians have politicized or messed up the institution, traditional rulers who failed to openly declare these support for the political partly in power are either be dethroned or had their salaries reduced to peanut .

Apparently not satisfied with the position assigned to them by the 197 local government reform some of these traditional rulers have agitated for increased relevance of the affairs of their communities. They have however succeeded by traditional rulers council in each their various local government areas. But the powers or functions of their councils were merely advisory, which could be easily thrown away by those who set them up. To this end under-stated questions have been postulated to act as the guide to enquires, pursuant to this research study.

Do traditional rules of Ohaji/Egbema local government make any meaningful contribution to national development? Does the constitution of the country ascribe any roles for traditional rulers? Do Egbema in Ohaji/Egebma local government people still have need for the maintenance of traditional institutions?

1.3     The Objectives of the Study

1. To examine the traditional political and administration roles of traditional rulers of Egebma in Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area.
2. To ascertain the area of conflicts among the traditional rulers themselves.
3. To examine the implication of those conflicts to the development of Egbema in Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area.
4. To offer relevant suggestions for remedy which may lead to socio-political stability and overall development of Egbema in Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area.

1.4     Significance of the Study

1. This study intents to examine the afore-mentioned objectives in Nigeria and Imo State in particular where conflicts between traditional institution and objects have greatly marred the national development.
2. The findings would provide a new perspective to the handling of rural conflict amongst our rural populace and also improve peaceful co-existence in our communities, thereby making for further development and growth of Nigeria.
3. It would also open up a new field in the study of conflict management and rural development in our society Nigeria.

1.5     Research Hypothesis

Going by the responsibilities, which this research study behaves on the research study behaves on the research shoulder, the under-mentioned hypothesis have been raised.

H_o1: There is no significant relationship between traditional ruler’s roles and national development.

H₀₂: There is no significant relationship between the role of traditional rulers towards national development.

H_o3: That traditional institutions are indispensable in our society.

1.6     Limitations of the Study

The successful completion of this study was limited by the following;

1. The unwillingness of the respondents to give out information based on the fact that there existed what strained relationship among various traditional rulers in Ohaji/Egbema Local Government Area.
2. Distance between various communities in Egbema in Ohaji/Egbema local government area, the researcher strained himself beyond measure by using motor bikes to soon communities that not motorable.
3. Difficult task of having access to highly placed traditional rulers to get and gather the need data and information.
4. Time: This is another factor that limited the research study.

1.7     Definition of Concept/Terms

National Development: This is the state of nature growing, changing and development politically, economically, socio-culturall, technologically and medially etc.

Traditional Institution: This is a leader set up especially reserved for the maintenance of peace and order within a given geographic area or entity.

Pages:  71

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF        

Chapters: 1-5                                 

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.