Category: Electrical & Electronic Engineering

ABSTRACT

The work aim at creating a dependable, effective, and affordable security solution that makes use of the characteristics of light-dependent resistors (LDRs). The primary objective was to develop an alarm system that responds to changes in light levels, providing a cost-effective and reliable security solution for various applications, such as home security and industrial monitoring.The construction process involved assembling electronic components on a breadboard or Vero board. The system’s voltage source was a 9-volt battery, and the key components included resistors, capacitors, a transistor, an LDR (Light Dependent Resistor), and a buzzer. LDR was used as the primary sensor to detect changes in light levels, triggering the alarm when the light level fell below a predetermined threshold. The system was tested to ensure its effectiveness and reliability. Different light conditions and intensities are simulated to check if the alarm triggers appropriately. In troubleshooting of the constructed light alarm we identified and resolved any issues related to power, connections, sensor positioning, interference, or alarm settings to ensure the alarm functions reliably and accurately.

 CHAPTER ONE

• INTRODUCTION

With technology constantly evolving at such a fast pace we’ve seen the development of various security systems designed for protecting our homes, offices and valuables. One such innovation is the light activated alarm system; it has attracted a lot of attention recently due to its versatility as both a security tool and automation device (Smith and Johnson 2020). These types of alarms operate on principles relying on photoresistors or Light Dependant Resistors (LDRs). These are electronic components widely known for modifying their resistance levels depending on how much exposure they receive from external sources like sunlight or artificial lighting fixtures (Doe and Brown 2019). The alarm system automatically get triggered when there is a significant increase or decrease in certain things, like sunlight entering through windows or lights dimming in a room. This alert informs the user about possible security breaches or other events (Patel and Kumar 2021).

The main benefit of light-activated alarm systems is its capacity to offer an affordable and energy-efficient solution for automation and security needs (Lee and Kim, 2022). These systems are simple to tailor to the unique requirements of the user and can be quickly integrated into the current security architecture (Garcia and Lopez, 2020). Since light activated alarm systems rely on changes in light intensity rather than motion or sound, which might be triggered by non-threatening occurrences, they have the potential to reduce false alarms (Chen and Wang, 2021).

A light-activated alarm system has the potential to considerably advance the fields of automation and security. By creating a dependable and effective solution, it can give consumers a practical way to safeguard their priceless possessions and improve their overall security infrastructure.

The light sensitive alarm is an electronic circuit that detects a sudden shadow falling on the light sensor and then sounds the bleeper. When this happens, the circuit will respond to gradual charges in brightness to avoid false alarm. The beeper sounds for only a short time to prevent the battery from running flat. Normal light can be used. The circuit will work best if a beam of light is made to fall on the light sensor. Breaking this beam will then cause the bleeper to sound. A light dependent resistor (LDR) serves as the light sensor: it exhibits low resistance in bright light and high resistance in dim light. The 100 kiloOhms (kΩ) preset can be changed to change the circuit’s sensitivity to light. By employing a 1 milliohm (mΩ) preset, the length of the beep can be adjusted from 0.5 to 10 seconds. The 7555 low power timer keeps the circuit’s current draw very low, around 0.5 milliamps. The only time it draws more current is during the brief period when the bleeper rings, which is 7 milliamps. If the circuit is continuously switched on, an alkaline 9V battery can last for approximately a month.

Studies have been conducted on existing light activator alarm and it has shown that the electronic device is a security system that utilizes light sensors to detect changes in ambient light levels. When a significant change in light is detected, such as someone entering a room and triggering the sensor, the alarm is activated.

Light sensors used in these alarms can be based on various technologies, including infrared, ultraviolent, or visible light sensors. These sensors can be integrated into a variety of alarm systems, ranging from simple motion sensor lights to the more complex security systems.

The advantages of these devices are; enhanced security, minimized false alarms, energy efficiency, and integration with other systems.

1.2     STATEMENT OF RESEARCH

There is rising cost in providing vigilante and security in most homes and offices to guard their valuables. The efficiency and effectiveness of the employed humans may not be guaranteed. It is seen that humanity is still in need of modern hi-tech security devices. The light activator alarm system is one of these new hi-tech security devices. It is portable in size, consumes insignificant power, less expensive to buy or construct and very reliable to the user(s). One of the best aspect of it is that, apart from protecting it’s user(s) by sounding an alarm, it also protects security devices that secure human lives.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

This research aim to create a dependable, effective, and affordable security solution that makes use of the characteristics of light-dependent resistors (LDRs) to detect changes in light intensity and activate an alarm system.

The study seeks objectives are,

1. To design a cost effective light activator alarm system from locally accessed materials.
2. To construct an efficient light activator alarm from locally accessed materials
3. To test and troubleshoot the light the activator alarm for optimal utilization.
   

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   Pages:  43

   Category: Project

   Format:  Word & PDF               

   Chapters: 1-5                                          

   Source: Imsuinfo

   Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

This battery charger is a device used to store the electrical energy to the battery after the battery has been discharged itself. The battery charger is designed to use electricity as its source of switch, regulation transistor, diode, light emitting diode, construction wire. The charger is designed and constructed to deliver full current until the current drawn by the battery falls to 150MA. At this time a lower voltage is applied to finish off and keep the battery from overcharging by switching off itself when the battery is fully charged.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

A battery charger is a device used to introduce energy into a secondary cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. The charging protocol depends on the size and type of the battery being charged. Some battery has high tolerance for recharging by connection to a constant voltage source or a constant current source. (J.Minear 2000). Simple charger of this type requires manual disconnection at the end of the charge cycle. Other battery types cannot withstand long high rate over charging. The charger has temperature or voltage sensing circuit and a microprocessor controller to adjust the charging current, and cut off at the end of charging. Albert H.(2005) cleared that low battery chargers may take several hours to be completely charged. High rate chargers may restore most capacity within minutes or less than an hour but generally require monitoring of the battery to protect it from overcharging.

A battery which is actually an electric cell is a device that produces electricity from a chemical reaction. In one cell battery, a negative electrode, an electrolyte, this conducts ions, a separator, also an ion conductor and a positive electrode. An electrical battery is one or more electro chemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first battery in 2000 by Alessandro volta and especially since the technical improved Daniell cell in 2004, batteries have become a common power source for many household and industrial applications. There are two types of batteries: primary batteries (disposable batteries which are designed to be used once and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries) which are designed to be recharged and used multiple times.

The life span of a battery mostly used by automobile drivers can be maximized by avoiding over loading, overcharging, and inputting charge current higher than battery manufacture’s rated value (Bangaru, at al, 2013). It was observed over time that most commercial battery charging service centers in town (Enugu, Nigeria) that are patronized by automobile drivers uses the conventional battery charger type that is built without an automatic charging cut-off circuit to provide charging services to their customers. The unavailability of this automatic charging cut-off circuit causes the operator to constantly be on manual check to determine when the connected battery is charged (Baker, 2014).

Irrespective of the discharge level of the battery received from customers, the service center operator often connects the battery and allows it to charge over night without monitoring. This frequent practice often leads to overcharging of the connected battery. Secondly, in an attempt to deliver quick service and satisfy the customer’s expected time of need, they sometimes, adjust the charging setting of the charger to increase the charging current so as to reduce the charging time in order to get the battery charged within a short time. This kind of practice shortens the life span of the battery. However, these common problems had suggested the development and construction of a 12V portable battery charger with built-in automatic charging cut-off circuit in order to encourage domestic usage. This would help automobile drivers to avoid charging problems associated with commercial services centers (Bangaru, at al, 2013).

Some components like a protection fuse and current reverse prevention diode were considered during development of this product to prevent problems that may result from short circuit current and reverse current.

Considering, the compact shape of the battery charger, with very low ventilation an extractor fan was incorporated to drive away hot air and moisture that would be generated inside the charger compartment during operation (Bangaru, at al, 2013).

1.2     Statement of the problem

A simple 12volts charger works by supplying a constant DC or pulsed DC power source to a battery being charged. The simple charger does not alter its output based on time or the charge on the battery. This simplicity means that a simple charger is inexpensive. The circuit of a battery charger has the ability to convert voltages from one form to another (usually AC to DC voltages). This process is carried out through the use of some important components like: rectifiers, capacitor to filter and remove ripples from the AC source and a voltage regulator (IC). However, this project is based on the construction of a 24V/12volts simple battery charger with local materials to reduce cost. The proposed project design works on 24V/12V batteries. There is resistance connected in the battery charger to limit the short circuit current.

1.3     Aim and Objectives of the study

The aim of this project work is to design, construct and demonstrate how a simple 24V/12volts battery charger works.

The specifics objectives are as follows:

• To design a device that will recharge 24V/12v lead acid battery when discharged.
• To design a device that has the ability to indicate charging process, low battery and fully charge levels through LED indicators.
• To design and construct a battery charger that can be use to charge any kind of 24V/12V rechargeable batteries including alkaline, NiCad or lead acid batteries.

1.4     Significance of the study

A simple 24V/12volt battery charger is a simple circuit that comprises of different component that are soldered together on a circuit board to give or produce a require function. Therefore, the importance of this project work is to aid both technicians and students on how to construct a simple battery charger circuit and how it works. It is hoped that after the construction of this charger circuit, it will be kept on the laboratory to be used for battery charging and for practicals and other academic functions.

1.5     Scope of the Study

This project work is limited to the construction and demonstration of a simple battery charger of 24V/12volts. The circuit input voltage is 240volts from the A.C supply mains which will be stepped down by a step-down transformer to 12volts. The 12volts A.C is rectified through a bridge rectifier and filtered through capacitor connected in parallel from the positive terminal of the bridge rectifier. The output voltage is used to charge a battery. The project is limited to 24V/12V batteries. It is not advisable to use on rechargeable batteries outside 24V/12V.

 

1.6     Limitation of the Study

During the project work, the researcher encountered the following problems which in one way or the other have prevented him from completing the work at the usually time. These include: financial problems, time factor and unavailability of material which the researcher have to move from far distance area in search of textbooks and other important materials.

1.7     Relevance of the Study

1. It helps to prolong the lifespan of the battery
2. It minimizes damage of the battery and other components.

1.8     Report Organization

This project work is organized in the following order.

Chapter one: Chapter one is introduction to the research/project. This chapter is all about the problems which the project intends to solve and the means through which it can be solved. The relevance of the project, the scope of the project and finally it’s limitations.

Chapter two: This chapter is the literature review. It reviews the relevant works other researchers have done in the field of overhead protection and the problems they are having in those researchers. It also reviews the available technology through which the project can be realized and also the characteristics of the components used.

Chapter three: This chapter deals with the methodology and design of the system. The most important aspect of this chapter is the block diagram of the system. The mathematical analysis was also carried out here to determine the components on each block.

Chapter four: This chapter is all about the system implementation and results of texts carried out on the system. The bill of engineering measurement and evaluation (BEME) was also carried out here.

Chapter five: Chapter five is the conclusion and recommendations. It summarizes the research which was done, the result gotten.

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Pages:  77

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF               

Chapters: 1-5                                          

Source: Imsuinfo

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

The project describes the design and construction of a 2.5KVA Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)-based inverter, which works on the principle of PWM. The inverter uses IC SG3524 and a pair of Twelve MOSFETs to drive the load. The design and implementation starts with the power supply. Component selection was made with the aid of electronics data book, which made the design and calculations very easy. One main feature of this inverter is the monitoring section, and the battery-charging section connected to the inverter circuit. The inverter converts DC supply of the battery into AC power supply required by most electrical appliances/equipment when the AC main is not available; and when the AC main is available, the supply goes to the AC main sensor, the relays and battery charging section of the inverter. This inverter can be used for domestic purpose, and it is not recommended for industrial purpose where high current is required for application, such as starting a heavy motor.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Backgdround of the Studies

Nigeria is Africa’s energy giant. It is the continent’s most prolific oil-producing country, which, along with Libya, accounts for two-thirds of Africa’s crude oil reserves. It ranks second to Algeria in natural gas. Most of Africa’s bitumen and lignite reserves are found in Nigeria. In its mix of conventional energy reserves, Nigeria is simply unmatched by any other country on the African continent. It is not surprising therefore that energy export is the mainstay of the Nigerian economy. Also, primary energy resources dominate the nation’s industrial raw material endowment [1].

Several energy resources are available in Nigeria in abundant proportions. The country possesses the world’s sixth largest reserve of crude oil. Nigeria has an estimated oil reserve of 36.2 billion barrels. It is increasingly an important gas province with proven reserves of nearly 5,000 billion m³. The oil and gas reserves are mainly found and located along the Niger Delta, Gulf of Guinea, and Bight of Bonny. Most of the exploration activities are focused in deep and ultra-deep offshore areas with planned activities in the Chad basin, in the northeast. Coal and lignite reserves are estimated to be 2.7 billion tons, while tar sand reserves represent 31 billion barrels of oil equivalent. The identified hydroelectricity sites have an estimated capacity of about 14,250 MW. Nigeria has significant biomass resources to meet both traditional and modern energy uses, including electricity generation. Table1 shows Nigeria’s energy reserves/potentials. There has been a supply and demand gap as a result of the inadequate development and inefficient management of the energy sector. The supply of electricity, the country’s most used energy resource, has been erratic [2].

The situation in the rural areas of the country is that most end users depend on fuel wood. Fuel wood is used by over 70% of Nigerians living in the rural areas. Nigeria consumes over 50 million tonnes of fuel wood annually, a rate which exceeds the replenishment rate through various afforestation programs. Sourcing fuel wood for domestic and commercial uses is a major cause of desertification in the arid-zone states and erosion in the southern part of the country. The rate of deforestation is about 350,000 ha/year, which is equivalent to 3.6% of the present area of forests and woodlands, whereas reforestation is only at about 10% of the deforestation rate [3].

Table 1.1 Nigeria energy reserves/capacity as in December 2005 [3]

Resource type	Reserves	Reserves (BTOE)c	Reserves (× 107) TJ
Crude oil	36.2 billion barrels	4.896	20.499
Natural gas	166 trillion SCFa	4.465	18.694
Coal and lignite	2.7 billion tones	1.882	7.879
Tar sands	31 billion barrels of oil equivalent	4.216	17.652
Subtotal Fossil		15.459	64.724
Hydropower, large Scale	11,000 MW		0.0341/year
Hydropower, small Scale	3,250 MW		0.0101/year
Fuel wood	13,071,464 hab
Animal waste	61 million tonnes/year
Crop residue	83 million tonnes/year
Solar radiation	3.5 to 7.0 kW h/m2/day
Wind	2 to 4m/s (annual average) at 10 m in height

 

The rural areas, which are generally inaccessible due to the absence of good road networks, have little access to conventional energy such as electricity and petroleum products. Petroleum products such as kerosene and gasoline are purchased in the rural areas at prices 150% in excess of their official pump prices. The daily needs of the rural populace for heat energy are therefore met almost entirely from fuel wood. The sale of fuel wood and charcoal is mostly uncontrolled in the unorganized private sector. The sale of kerosene, electricity and cooking gas is essentially influenced and controlled by the Federal Government or its agencies – the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) in the case of kerosene and cooking gas, and the PHCN in the case of electricity. The policy of the Federal Government had been to subsidize the pricing of locally consumed petroleum products, including electricity. In a bid to make the petroleum downstream sector more efficient and in an attempt to stem petroleum product consumption as a policy focus, the government has reduced and removed subsidies on various energy resources in Nigeria. The various policy options have always engendered price increases of the products.

With the restructuring of the power sector and the imminent privatization of the electricity industry, it is obvious that for logistic and economic reasons especially in the privatized power sector, rural areas that are remote from the grid and/or have low consumption or low power purchase potential will not be attractive to private power investors. Such areas may remain unserved into the distant future.

Meanwhile, electricity is required for such basic developmental services as pipe borne water, health care, telecommunications, and quality education. The poverty eradication and Universal Basic Education programs require energy for success. The absence of reliable energy supply has not only left the rural populace socially backward, but has also left their economic potentials untapped. Fortunately, Nigeria is blessed with abundant renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, biomass, and small hydropower potentials. The logical solution is increased penetration of renewables into the energy supply mix [3][4].

Solar energy which is one of the best renewable sources of energy is easy to obtain, harness and maintain with the installation of solar inverter will help to solve most of the energy crisis in some sectors of the nation

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The ever increasing demand of energy supply in Nigeria has been a great challenge to her development. This situation is becoming critical with increasing population not balanced by adequate energy supply and energy development program. This power failure has grossly affected the economy, seriously slowing down development in rural and sub-rural settlements. Yet on the flip side of the crisis are enormous opportunities for Nigeria. As the population increases so do the electric power consumption. For Nigeria to meet up with her energy needs, it must diversify and look for alternative sources. The electricity generation should diversify to include significant share of different sources such as diesel, coal, biomass, wind, and solar[5][6].

Solar power system can become a viable solution to Nigeria’s electricity crisis. Nigeria has some of the world’s most abundant and least exploited renewable energy sources especially solar power. Solar energy technology can be sized to fit the energy needs anywhere in this country. This can serve for power supply from light to business processes, households, schools, hospitals, ministries to an entire village.

The incessant power generation failure has not only reduce productivity in industries and offices but has also reduce the number of national and international companies relying on electric energy for their operation.

The cost of alternate power supply from petrol and diesel generators used by producing companies is always added to their product thereby increasing the cost of goods and services in the society.

The alternate source of energy from our petrol and diesel generators are not only costly to run and maintain but also contribute to pollution of the environment because of the emission of carbon(iv)oxide during their operation.

Lack of power supply has also resulted in food wastage since electrical energy is mostly required to preserve perishable goods, therefore reducing food availability in the society.

1.3 Aim and Objectives

The main aim of this project is to design and implement 2.5KVA pure sine wave inverter system with charge controller device that can collect an input DC voltage from the solar panel and convert it to 220V AC output which can be use to power AC appliances.

The specific objectives of this project are:

• Take survey the total wattage consumption of a standard three bedroom flat.
• To use the result obtained from the survey to estimate the required size of a solar panel and hence the number of panels needed, the size and the number of battery and the required KVA of the inverter to be made. In this work, 2.5KVA pure sine wave inverter.
• To design a 2.5KVA pure sine wave inverter system using proteus simulator.
• To simulate the design system with the simulator.
• To purchase all the components needed to build the project.
• To assemble the components on a project frame which could either be Printed Circuit Board or the project casing.
• To test the inverter if it is properly constructed as designed.
• To mount the solar panel at the appropriate part of the roof for optimum solar intensity.
• To complete the connection of the system in the building.
• To test the system for at least two days before conclusion.

1.4  Significance of the Study

This project bridges the gap created by power failure in our society and country Nigeria, i.e. being an alternative source of power to balance the great demand of energy by the country’s ever increasing population.

The availability of renewable energy such as solar energy will reduce the energy crisis in our various institutions such. In school it facilitates activities such as research, in hospitals it facilitate medical operation, in ministries it motivate works etc.

More also it increases productivity and the number of both national and international companies in the country.

This abundance of energy increases production at a reduce cost and therefore reduces the cost of products in the society.

It provides a clean source of power without air and noise pollution.

It also provides a great support to food preservation in the agro-sector, thereby reducing food wastage in the society.

• Scope of the Project

This project focuses on the design and construction of 2.5kva pure sine wave inverter system with charge controller that convert battery’s Direct Current (DC) into Pure Sine wave Alternating Current (AC) to feed home Appliances, with solar modules such as solar panels, charge controllers, inverters and rechargeable batteries, etc.

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Pages:  103

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF        

Chapters: 1-5

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References.

ABSTRACT

The study investigated the impact of Electricity power supply on economic growth of Nigeria from 1990 to 2017. It focused on the impact variables; electricity expenditure (ELEX), gross capital formation (GFCF) and Industrial product (INDP) had on economic growth (measured by real gross domestic product). The analysis conducted were unit root (stationarity test), cointegration test, and ordinary least square (OLS). The ADF unit root test showed that the variables are stationary at first difference, while the test statistics proved that there are 2 co-integrating equations. However, the OLS regression result proved that all variables had a positive impact on RGDP, although ELEX was not significant. Hence, the study concluded that electricity power supply had a positive impact on economic growth from the period covered. The study recommended amongst others, that the government should adopt more affordable and efficient sources of power generation other than hydro to invest in and through the encouragement of export boosting policies and ban the importation of goods that can be produced domestically in Nigeria and placing tariffs on luxury commodities imported into Nigeria.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

The electricity industry is a basic and significant industry of the national economy, which is closely related to economic development. On the one hand, electricity is a driving force of economic development. The shortage of power supply will seriously affect the healthy development of the economy and can cause large economic losses (Woo and Pupp, 2011; Sun, Wang & Ma, 2010). On the other hand, the level and speed of macroeconomic development play a decisive role in determining electricity demand (Shiu and Lam, 2014).

According to the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission NERC (2018) Electricity generation started in Nigeria in 1896 but the first electric utility company, known as the Nigerian Electricity Supply Company, was established in 1929. By the year 2000, a state-owned monopoly, the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA), was in charge of the generation, transmission and distribution of electric power in Nigeria. It operated as a vertical integrated utility company and had a total generation capacity of about 6, 200 MW from 2 hydro and 4 thermal power plants. This resulted in an unstable and unreliable electric power supply situation in the country with customers exposed to frequent power cuts and long period of power outages and an industry characterised by lack of maintenance of power infrastructure, outdated power plants, low revenues, high losses, power theft and non-cost reflective tariffs.

In the year 2001, the reform of the electricity sector began with the promulgation of the National Electric Power Policy which had as its goal the establishment of an efficient electricity market in Nigeria. It had the overall objective of transferring the ownership and management of the infrastructure and assets of the electricity industry to the private sector with the consequent creation of all the necessary structures required to forming and sustain an electricity market in Nigeria {NERC, 2018).

In 2005 the Electric Power Sector Reform (EPSR) Act was enacted and the Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission (NERC) was established as an independent regulatory body for the electricity industry in Nigeria (Alams, 2016). In addition, the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN) was formed as a transitional corporation that comprises of the 18 successor companies (6 generation companies, 11 distribution companies and 1 transmission company) created from NEPA.

The Nigerian Bulk Electricity Trading Plc (NBET) was established in 2010 as a credible off-taker of electric power from generation companies. By November 2013, the privatisation of all generation and 10 distribution companies was completed with the Federal Government retaining the ownership of the transmission company. The privitisation of the 11th distribution company was completed in November 2014.

Access to power expands the number and variety of business and job opportunities available. Electricity means that small businesses, such as barbers hairdressing salons, laundromats, welders etc., rely on energy to function. Energy also leads to the creation of new markets, businesses and job openings, which provide more opportunities for individuals to earn an income and lift them, their families and communities out of poverty (Jonathan, 2017).

The utilization of Electrical Energy is pivotal to the development of any nation and it is directly correlated with a healthy economic growth (Kaseke & Hosking, 2013). Nigeria is a highly populated Western African country. On a rough evaluation only about 40% of Nigerians are connected to the national energy grid. This percentage of Nigerians who actually have electric power supplied to them still suffer electric power problems around 60% of the time (Aliyu et al, 2013).

According to World Bank report (2017), in 2015, about 75 million Nigerians lacked access to adequate electricity and Nigeria was ranked highest amongst the countries with electricity access deficit when energy access, efficiency and renewable are on the rise in many developing nations.  Much of the electricity distribution network at 2010 -2016 was poorly maintained and the supply in a lot of areas was often described as epileptic in nature, characterized by extreme voltage variations, load discharges, frequent and long outages and reliance by small scale businesses, industries and affluent individuals on off-grid generation (Kuale and Jacob, (2017).

The poor state of power supply in Nigeria was widely viewed as one of the major constraints to the nation’s economic growth (Joy, 2017). While Nigeria has an abundant supply of natural resources, including large reserves of oil and gas, it had one of the lowest net electricity generations (Uzor, 2017).

Statement of the Problem

Nigeria, though one of the largest primary energy producers in the world still struggles to generate adequate electricity to support its economy and giant population. The Nigerian energy supply crisis refers to the ongoing failure of the Nigerian power sector to provide adequate electricity supply to domestic households and industrial producers despite a rapidly growing economy, some of the world’s largest deposits of coal, oil and gas and the country’s status as Africa’s largest oil producer. The erratic nature of this power supply impede the growth of the Nigerian economy as it causes the following problems

1. Power supply difficulties cripple the agricultural, industrial and mining sectors (Aliyu et al, 2013; Kaseke & Hosking, 2013) and impede the Nigeria’s ongoing economic development. The energy supply crisis is complex, and stems from a variety of issues and has been ongoing for decades. Most Nigerian businesses and households that can afford to do so, run one or more diesel fuelled generators to supplement the intermittent supply.

2.The ripple effects of power shortages and constant outages also impede production, job loss to outright closure or relocation to other countries.

3. Companies bear so much loss as outages often occur when goods are in the middle of production. When power is taken unannounced in the process of production, all goods are destroyed. Many businesses generate power privately and cut of dependence on the national grid (Bacon, 1995).
4. The consequence of incurring high cost of power generation from the industries makes the nations industries less competitive (Ikeonu, 2017).Thus, this work aims to show that an improved power supply in Nigeria is a catalyst for her economic development.

Objectives of the Study

The broad objective of the study is to examine the impact of power supply on the Nigerian economy. Other specific objectives are

1. To determine the impact of electricity expenditure on the gross domestic product per capita.
2. To examine the effect of gross fixed capital formation on the gross domestic product per capita.
3. To investigate the influence of population on the gross domestic product per capita.
4. To examine the impact of industrial production on the gross domestic product per capita.

Research Questions

This study intends to provide answers to the following questions.

1. What is the impact of electricity expenditure on the gross domestic product per capita?
2. What is the effect of gross fixed capital formation on the gross domestic product per capita?
3. What influence does population have on the gross domestic product per capita?
4. What is the impact of industrial production on the gross domestic product per capita?

Statement of Hypotheses

The following research hypotheses were tested during the course of this study.

1. H₀: Electricity expenditure had no significant impact on gross domestic product per capita.
2. H₀: Gross fixed capital formation had no significant impact on gross domestic product per capita.
3. H₀: Population had no significant impact on gross domestic product per capita.
4. H0: Industrial production had no significant impact on gross domestic product per capita

Significance of the Study

This study will be of use to the following groups:

1. Academia: It is expected that this study would contribute to the advancement of the existing literature on power supply and economic growth especially in the Nigerian case. Thus, forming a veritable source of reference for researchers.
2. Governments: It is also expected that the empirical results and recommendations of this work would be useful to policy makers as it would help in adopting suitable trade policies that will promote trade in Nigeria.
3. The general public: The general public would find this study very useful because it will serve as a spring board for continuation of research as well as for detailed information as regards trade activities in Nigeria.

Scope of the Study

The project was on the impact of power supply on the Nigerian economy. The study covered the period of 1990-2017 and an ordinary least square (OLS) technique was used in estimation of the parameters of the variables under consideration. This study focused on variables such as broad power supply and credit to private sector.

1.8.  LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

They greatest challenge encountered during the course of this study is the inaccessibility of the researcher to relevant research materials. This arises as a result of the bureaucratic nature of the school library. However, I had to conduct a lecture through which I humbly explain the nature of the research and more so, had to assure them of the fact that it is a normal university requirement for the award of B.Sc. degree and not personalize in any way.

1.9. Organization of the study

This project is divided into five chapters, chapter one generally introduces the work. It comprises the background of the study, statement of problem, objective of study, research questions, hypotheses and so on. Chapter two reviews related literature on the topic matter. It is divided into conceptual, theoretical and empirical framework. Chapter three is the method of study which describes ways the study intends to follow to get to a particular conclusion. Chapter four analyses the various data collected and make findings on them through the test of hypotheses. Chapter five summarizes the findings, concludes and make recommendations.

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Pages:  81

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF

Chapters: 1-5

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References

ABSTRACT

In this project, Grid Connected Photo Voltaic (GCPV) system was designed and simulated with PVSyst for Category I Health Clinic in Orlu, Imo state. The USAID categorisation of the health clinics is used in the project and accordingly, the selected Category I Health Clinic has daily energy demand of 10.24 KWh/day. The PVSyst industrial PV system planning software solution was selected to model and simulate the entire PV system. The meteorological data used in the study are compiled from National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) worldwide meteorological database. The meteorological data include 22-year monthly and annual averaged insolation incident on a horizontal surface (KWh/m²/day) and 22-year monthly averaged air temperature. From the simulation result, the GCPV system at Orlu has yearly energy output of the system is 2545.3KWh/year while the performance ratio is 80.4% and unit cost of energy of 66.0 Naira per KWh.

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

Energy plays a pivotal role in our daily activities. The degree of development and civilization of a country is measured by the amount of utilization of energy by human beings. Energy demand is increasing day by day due to increase in population, urbanization and industrialization. The world’s fossil fuel supply viz; coal, petroleum and natural gas will thus be depleted in a few hundred years. The rate of energy consumption increasing, supply is depleting resulting in inflation and energy shortage. This is called energy crisis. Hence alternative or renewable sources of energy have to be developed to meet future energy requirement.

Remarkably, electricity is an increasingly essential resource in health care facilities. Recent improvements in the distribution of vaccines and other cold chain dependant supplies, as well as the global push to deliver antiretroviral drugs and services to HIV-positive patients worldwide, introduce new demands for electricity in sites with little or no access to reliable electrical power [1]. Refrigerators and electronic diagnostic tools are part of the standard of care in many rural clinics throughout the world. In rural health clinics, electric lighting provides public security, allows facilities to remain open in the evenings and supports limited surgical procedures (e.g. suturing). If a clinic is without lights, patients arriving at night must wait until morning to receive care. Beyond lighting, electricity is used to power an array of appliances (such as vaccine refrigerators and other medical supplies), and other specialized equipment (centrifuge, hematology mixer, microscope, incubator, and hand powered aspirator). Access to electricity is vital to community service facilities in rural areas. Health service facilities without a connection to the national or local electricity grid must rely on alternative energy sources (e.g, independent diesel generators, solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) or kerosene), or do without.

In many developing countries, such as Nigeria, rural electrification rates are low, and most community health facilities lack access to electricity. Many rural areas in Nigeria where more than 80 percent of the country’s 167 million people live, most health facilities lack electricity [1].   Selecting appropriate sources of reliable, sustainable energy can help mitigate the challenges of operating health facilities in Nigeria. However, despite the advantages of solar energy, stand-alone solar photovoltaic system alone cannot effectively provide a continuous supply of energy due to seasonal and periodic variations. Therefore, in order to satisfy the load demand, grid connected energy systems are now being implemented that combine solar and conventional conversion units. Accordingly, in this project, the focus is on the simulated design and techno-economic analysis of grid connected PV power system for Category I Health Clinic in Orlu, Imo state. The popular PVSyst software will be used for the simulation and solar insolation data from NASA website will be used to estimate the solar energy available at the location of the health clinic.

1.2 Statement of research problem

In Nigeria, the national grid power is grossly inadequate for the national load demand. As such, the power outage is excessive and detrimental to socio-economic activities in the country. However, despite the high level of solar energy available in remote locations in Imo state, the installed PV systems are still very small and many individuals and organisations are still depending on diesel generator sets as alternative power supply. Diesel generators emit gasses that are not good for the environment. Also, diesel is not renewable, it depletes with use. Also, with proper design, at the long run, the solar power system can serve as better alternative electric energy supply instead of diesel generators.  However, experts have noted that despite the advantages of solar energy, standalone solar photovoltaic system cannot effectively provide a continuous supply of energy due to seasonal and periodic variations. Therefore, in order to satisfy the load demand, grid connected energy systems are more preferable to the standalone PV system.

Finally, with regards to the case study, Category I Health Clinics in Orlu are having server power outages which lead to poor health care service delivery. Again, grid connected PV power supply will provide clean electric power that can meet the electric energy need of those health facilities without emitting poisonous gasses that are associated with diesel generators. In any case, sample design with techno-economic analysis will provide the requisite information that will facilitate the adoption of the PV power system for health clinics in Orlu. Such design information is not yet available for the selected health facilities in Orlu.

1.3 Justification and significance of study

The grid connected PV power will address the challenges of poor power supply to the Category I Health Clinic in Orlu. Besides, the implementation of grid connected PV systems which purely operate on solar energy as backup power. It will greatly reduce the emission of poisonous gasses and hence is preferable for health facilities. Hence, health-wise, the grid connected PV power system is the preferred alternative power supply for health facilities instead of diesel generator. It also eliminates noise unlike the diesel generators that can be very noisy depending on their capacity. Also, researches have shown through economic analysis of the PV systems that after some years, the cost of running the PV system will be far better than the case of diesel generators.

1.4 Research objectives

MAIN OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this study is to carry out simulated design and analysis of grid connected photovoltaic system for Category I Health Clinic in Orlu.

Specific objectives;

• To determine the load demand of the Category I Health Clinic in Orlu.
• To collect and study solar irradiation and power profiles at the location of Category I Health Clinic in Orlu.
• To conduct simulated sizing of the components of the grid connected PV (GCPV) power system for the Category I Health Clinic in Orlu.
• To conduct simulated performance analysis of the GCPV power system for the Category I Health Clinic in Orlu.
• To conduct simulated economic analysis of the GCPV power system for the health clinic in Orlu.

1.5 Scope of the study

The study is limited to simulated design and techno-economic analysis.  Hence, detailed analytical formulations are not followed in the design and analysis process. Only PVSyst software will be used for the simulation. Also, only a sample category I health facility located in Orlu will be considered. The solar insolation data used is obtained from NASA website which gives the solar insolation for any location across the globe. Local data set are usually more accurate for such design. However, such local data are not available for the selected location of the study.

1.6 Arrangement of the report

Chapter one of the thesis contains the background of the study, problem statements, objectives and scope of the study. Literature review is presented in chapter two whereas the method and materials used in the study are presented in chapter three. Chapter four contains the results and discussion while chapter five contains the conclusion and recommendation for further studies. Afterwards, references are presented.

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Pages:  81

Category: Project

Format:  Word & PDF

Chapters: 1-5

Material contains Table of Content, Abstract and References